gender and sexuality Flashcards
define gender
cultural classifications of people as masculine and feminine
define instrumental role
men as the breadwinners/providers
define expressive role
women as mothers/carers
define hegemonic masculinity
typical gender behaviours
define subordinate masculinity
masculinities that are seen as lesser than due to having a lower status (eg. homosexuals)
define complicit masculinity
men who believe that men and women should share roles within families
define marginalised masculinity
men who worked traditionally masculine jobs and feel like they are under threat as loads of these jobs have been lost (eg. miners, manual labour workers)
what did oakley say (family)
children are socialised into expectations surrounding their gender and there are 4 processes central to the construction of gender indentity:
manipulation
canalisation
verbal appellations
different activities
what did mcrobbie say (family)
boys and girls were treated different by their parents
boys= given more freedom and allowed to spend more time outside
girls= protected/sheltered and home centered
‘bedroom culture’ describes the way girls spend their free time with friends in their room
what did mitsos and browne say (education)
teachers tend to be less strict with boys and allowing them to underachieve because they failed to push their potential
teachers are more likely to label boys as disruptive
boys are more likely to have a ‘culture of masculinity’ which doesn’t vale educational achievement
what did willis say (education)
‘lads’ knew they would end up in manual labour jobs so they formed anti school subcultures
only went to school to ‘have a laff’
what does billington say (media)
media presents masculinity as dominant and femininity as subordinate
eg. how characters in old disney films are represented
what does mort say (media)
marketing in the 80s lead to changes in male identity
items traditionally aimed at women became more acceptable for men to use (grooming products)
men were subjected to traditional female pressures like looking good
what did miller and hoffman say (religion)
women are more likely to be more religious than men because they didn’t have as much participation in paid work so they had more time for church activities and they were taught to be passive, obedient and nurturing which are important religious values
what did watson say (religion)
veils can give Muslim women freedom as long as it is their choice to wear it or not
veils prevent men from seeing them as sexual objects
what did billington say (workplace)
masculinity is linked with men being workers
women’s roles are as domestic labourers
nurturing is taught early on as it is essential to girls (being given dolls to take care of)
what did macdonald and marsh say (peer groups)
peer groups were important to disengaged young males who were in the same/similar economic and social situations
what did reynolds say (peer groups)
studious, artistic and non sporty primary school boys were labelled as geeks, nerds or swats which lead to them downplaying their academic achievements and bullying to fit in and cope
they made fun of girls who were more academic
what did nixon say (media)
origins of connells ‘new man’ roots back to the 1985 levis advert in the launderette
showed that it would be ‘cool’ for men to spend time, money and effort into their appearance
first time men were publically sexualised
what did jackson say (education/media)
ladette behaviour= swearing, fighting, drinking, disrupting lessons, talking about sex, etc
sanctions for girls/boys who didn’t conform to traditional gender identities
gender is policed in media and school
media portrayals of ladettes are negative
what did jackson say (peer groups)
some young females are adopting masculine norms and values especially regarding drinking and sex etc.
ladettes adopted attitudes of working class lads
how does statistics support the idea that gender isn’t changing
women= 45% of the workforce
and only 22% make up high court judges, senior police officers and company directors
18% pay gap
shows that gender identities changing may be exaggerated or illusory
what do gardner and shepard say (postmodernist)
men and women have increasingly turned to the things they consume and leisure activities to create an identity for themselves rather than being masculine or feminine
what does sue sharpe find
1972- working class female identities revolve around love, marriage, husband, children, job, careers in that order
1990s- girls are more confident and assertive, committed to gender equality and had main goals like having a career and economic independence
what does abbott say
modern metrosexual men have a growing interest in fashion, grooming and their overall appearance
identities increasingly revolve around dress sense, body image, and having the right look
what are the most important dates in the timeline of homosexuality/LGBTQ+
1951- first known case of sex reassignment surgery
1967- sexual offences act decriminalises sex between 2 men over 21 in private
1972- first london pride event took place on anniversary on stone wall riots
2002- homosexual couples can adopt
2004- civil partnerships were introduced
2010- equality act
2014- homosexual marriage was introduced
2019- WHO declassifies being transsexual as a mental disorder
what did weeks say
not many people would say they are heterosexual in relation to their identity but saying you are gay or lesbian makes a statement about belonging and ones relationship to dominant sexual codes
