gender and culture bias Flashcards
What is gender bias?
Research failing to consider differences between men and women
Different expectations of men and women affects research outcomes>overemphasis on e.g. biology for behaviour
What are the historic implications of gender bias?
Research samples dominated by men>we assume male behaviour is the norm
What are the 3 types of gender bias?
Define
Alpha bias- Exaggeration of gender differences
Beta bias- Minimisation of gender differences
Androcentrism- Viewing the world from a male pov
(alpha+beta>androcentrim) [andro=male]
Give an example of alpha bias
Exaggerate
Evolutionary explanation of partner preference
Males are wired to mate with as many females
Females are wired to mate with as little
Male promiscuity=acceptable
Give an example of beta bias
Minimise
Fight or flight ignores women
This is a male response to danger
Recent research suggests females adopt a ‘tend to befriend’ approach -protecting offspring by mothers grouping together
Give 3 ways of overcoming gender AND culture bias
*AO3
Use both genders as ppts in research
Only apply research findings to the population that was used in research
Equal opportunity legislation
One IMPLICATION of gender bias is that it reinforces negative stereotypes
PET
E: We believe male behaviour represents the norm, typical female behaviour will be seen as atypical (androcentricism)
E.g. evolutionary partner preference, mating with people is normal for women too
F: Justifies unfair treatment and discrimination of women
One IMPLICATION of gender bias is that there are many more male than female researchers in senior positions
PET
E: Female concerns are less likely to be adressed
E.g. period poverty, post natal depression, menopause
T: Less advances e.g. treatment
What is culture bias?
Ignoring cultural differences and interpreting phenomenas through the pov of ones own culture
What are the 3 features of culture bias?
Define
Ethnocentricism- belief that one culture is superior than others, often in Western norms
Cultural relativism- behaviour can only be understood in the norms and values of the culture its studied in
Universality- behaviours are the same for all cultures, being applied equally across the globe
What is the difference between imposed etic and emic approaches?
Give an example
– Imposed etic- looking at behaviours from outside a culture, tring to apply universal laws
+ Emic approaches- studying cultures from within, looking at what behaviours are specific to a culture
E.g. - strange situation can asses attachment types worldwide (ethnocentrism) + strange situation only in the USA, using different assessment in other cultures
What is the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures
Example
Individualistic- Independence, individual focus
E.g. Germany is insecure-avoidant attachment, China is insecure-resistant (against USA norm)
Collectivist- Togetherness, shared goals
E.g. secure attachment
One limitation of cultural bias is that individualism vs collectivism is too simplistic
PET
E: Globalisation>many cultures have interconnectedness e.g. UK is culturally diverse, not just individualistic- anymore
T: Outdated
One limitation of cultural bias is that research shows universal features do exist in human behaviour
PET
E: Facial expressions and emotions are the same all over the world according to psychologist
T: Contradicts
