Gender

Question 1

FTSE 250 (2018)

Answer 1

30 women in positions of CEO/CFO

Question 2

Definition

Answer 2

the learned attitudes and behaviours that characterise people of one sex or the other
gender is therefore arguably socially constructed

Question 3

Social Learning Theory (Bandura 1977)

Answer 3

people learn attitudes, beliefs and behaviours through social interaction - observational learning plus learning through reinforcement (imitation/modelling)

Question 4

Gender Social Construct (Butler)

Answer 4

gender isn’t defined by biological sex, gender is performative - people who present outside the situational gendered norms are often regarded as deviant

Question 5

Implicit Bias

Answer 5

we all have unconscious biases that affect the way we perceive, evaluate or interact with people from the groups that our biases target - social catergorisation

Question 6

Stereotypes

Answer 6

Descriptive: stereotypes about what people are likely to do - such as, what men are like
Prescriptive: stereotypes about what people should do - such as, how women should behave

Question 7

Stereotype Threat (Jones 2011)

Answer 7

women who are reminded of their gender when taking an important maths test (e.g. by ticking a gender box or being surrounded by men) underperform
additionally, black men when taking tests of ‘academic ability’ will underperform if reminded of their race

Question 8

UCAS Admissions (2014)

Answer 8

Male majority: engineering, computer sciences, physical sciences, architecture/building/planning, maths
Female majority: subjects attached to medicine, creative arts and design, education, social studies, biological sciences, law, linguistics, classics

Question 9

Gendered Work (McDowell and Schaffner 2011)

Answer 9

occupations frequently categorised as suitable for one gender or another
feminised workplaces: caring, supportive, person orientated
masculine workplaces: dominant, competitive, targets

Question 10

Gendered Talk (Tannen/Cameron)

Answer 10

Male characteristics: interrupt more, talk for longer, more imperative sentence (women hedge)
Female characteristics: respect current speaker (don’t interrupt), adheres more to Grice’s Maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner), back-channelling more prevalent

Question 11

Performativity

Answer 11

businesswomen ‘power dress’ their bodies for the corporate workplace (Entwistle 1997, 2000, ‘01)
women factory workers perform the ‘docile and dexterous’ worker (Salzinger 2003)
men enact scripts of masculinity within situational practices and relations (Connell 1995)

Question 12

Women in ‘Men’s Work’

Answer 12

visibility - performance pressure
polarisation - separation and isolation
assimilation - mother, seductress, iron maiden, ‘queen bee’

Question 13

‘Real’ Male Characteristics (Hodges and Budig 2010)

Answer 13

strength, leadership, heterosexuality, authority

Question 14

Hegemonic Masculinity (Adams et al. 2010)

Answer 14

socially dominant form of masculinity that embraces these characteristics - superior to femininity, but other masculinities, including homosexuality

Question 15

Alternative Masculinity (Connel and Messerschmidt 2012)

Answer 15

men who are not powerful (able to influence others) yet economically successful are labelled ‘wimpy’

Question 16

Construction Workers (Ajslev et al. 2017)

Answer 16

maintaining positive social, occupational and masculine identity among construction workers - body is overruled by productivity, collegiality, job security - ‘trading health for money’

Question 17

Pay Gap (Warren and Lyonette 2018)

Answer 17

lower paid and lower level positions, and part-time and insecure jobs, fewer prospects for advancement

Question 18

Symphony Orchestras (Goldin and Rouse 2000)

Answer 18

‘blind’ auditions increased the number of women hired by 25%

Question 19

Academia (Trix and Psenka 2003)

Answer 19

women’s letters of recommendation shorter than men’s, and contained more ‘doubt raisers’

Question 20

Academia References (Schmader, Whitehead and Wysocki 2007)

Answer 20

Men: skilled, remarkable, unmatched, genius, aptitude, unparalleled, talented, brain, exceptional, ability
Women: communicate, conscientious, service, dedicated, responsible, citizen, present, rapport

Question 21

Four Femininities Within STEM (O’connor et al. 2018)

Answer 21

careerist: strong career, weak relationship commitment (half of participants)
individualised: strong career, strong relationship commitment (unwilling to compromise, minority)
vocational: weak career (intrinsic, meaningful) weak relationship commitment
family-orientated: weak career, strong relationship commitment (relational life priority)

Question 22

Conclusion!

Answer 22

women attracted by; power, influence, values, rewards, recognition (all same as men?) (Morley 2012)
increase understanding of psychological basis of bias