Gender Flashcards

1
Q

Key sources

A

Knox, Monstrous Regiment (1558); Aylmer (1559 reply)
Edmund Spenser, Faerie Queene (1590/6)
Dodd and Cleaver (1598)
William Gouge (1622)
Richard Brathwaite (1631)
John Donne, The Autumnal, The Sun Rising (1630’s)
Pepys Diary (1660)
Lady Margaret Hoby’s dairy; Lady Grace Mildmay’s medicine and recipe books/prayers.

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2
Q

Key ideas: gender

A

Masculinity as tightly controlled as femininity throughout the period, subject to hierarchy in status terms
Differences in expectations according to status/rural/urban?

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3
Q

Key monarchs:

A
Mary I (1553-58)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
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4
Q

Women and reputation/honour

A

Dabhoiwala: reputation “a compound of social and moral status”; chastity “a prerequisite, rather than a measure, of reputation”
Gowing: “sexual insult belonged to a culture that perceived women’s virtue, honour, and reputation through sexuality”. no equivalent to “whore” for men

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5
Q

Men and reputation/honour

A

Shepard: patriarchy increasingly dependent on “distinctions of social position”; honour dependent on “virtue/honour/character” (morals) for women but this “of subsidiary importance to men” - instead = worldly values of ‘rank’ and ‘quality’
in 1604-28 1/5 of population never married (positive culture of excess bravado)

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6
Q

Women’s work

A

Gowing: “women had duties, work, and social lives both outside and inside the house”

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7
Q

Women and power

A

Gowing: 16% of Southwark households headed by women in 1631.
1570-1640 = 1800 suits of sexual slander/marriage and 85% were by single female litigants.
1570: women suing 1/2 total sex/marriage cases; 80% by 1620.
Capp: 20% women heading households, and “female sociability” “provided ritual practical advice and support”

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8
Q

Female rule - issues

A

Gender - inner sanctum, question of marriage and control

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9
Q

Elizabeth I and faction

A

Hanmer - “no dispute that faction did dominate high politics in the later 1590’s”
Neale - “endemic” vs. Adams: “occasional”
Williams: Leicester/burghley: “loosely constructed and volatile groupings”. Eg’s of success: Ralegh 40,000 acres in Ireland, vs. Spenser: £50p.a. Burghley’s son Robert Cecil gaining secretaryship rather than Essex.
Adams: privy chamber: “feminine inner sanctum”. 1590’s “battleground for factional struggle”

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10
Q

Elizabeth I and court management

A

GUY - 2nd reign after 1585 and Dudley’s death. E didn’t refill positions - 13 LL left open, court vacancies unfilled: privy C = 10 in 1598, half the no. of 1559. Corruption: Shirley accused of embezzling 30,000 from treasury in 1593 and Burghley took £3000+ for wardships within two years.
Adams: court expenditure: 10,000-90,000 p.a. over rule, mainly on food.

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11
Q

Body politic and mixed monarchy:

A

McLaren: wisdom of many “imparted grace to a female prince, and thereby preserved both protestantism and national autonomy”

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12
Q

Cult of Virgin Queen

A

Consciously chosen because a virgin = someone who could be worshipped.
Used in 1590’s in opposition to the Anjou match
Sieve portraits from 1597-83. 135 surviving paintings and 25 book images.
Doran - alternative meanings of symbols in portraits - Rose, phoenix and Pelican = Tudor, hereditary rule, and charity, as well as virginity…
KING - bible and sword = similar emblems inherited from HVIII (used to signify his authority coming directly from God) to be a prot. monarch.

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13
Q

“bookends”

A

START: pre-reformation women as abbesses (positions of unique power) - eg. Syon Abbey, richest one pre-reformation, last leader: Abbess Jordan.
END: Restoration libertinism, eg. Barbara Palmer, Countess of Castlemaine

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14
Q

Dodd and Cleaver - Quotes

A

1598 - “A household is as it were a little commonwealth”, “the duty of the husband is to travell abroad to seeke living: and the wives dutie is to keepe the house”

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15
Q

William Gouge - quotes

A

“Of Domesticall Duties”, 1622
Ephesians 5:22 “wives submit unto your husbands, as unto the lord”
“a bad husband, wife, parent… is no good christian”
“of all the inferiours in a family, wives are far the most excellent”
Husband - “his place is expressed in the metaphor of an head”

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16
Q

Richard Brathwait - quotes

A

1631, “The English Gentleman”
“Education is the seasoner or instructor of Youth”
recreation: “refresher of the minde, and an enabler to the bodie”
fishing analogy man = fish “is ever nibbling at the bait of vanitie”
“the comfort of an active life consists in societie”
“these garish fashions agree well with none but prostitutes and shameless women”
MODERATION in all
“he that wants a wife to cherish him, had had of some money to cheere him”

17
Q

Knox - quotes

A

“The first blast of the trumpet against the monstrous regiment of women” (1558)
“how abominable before God is the empire or rule of a wicked woman”
“to promote a woman to bear rule, superiority… is repugnant to nature”
God: “thy will shall be subject to thy husband, and he shall bear dominion over thee”

18
Q

Aylmer - quotes

A

Reply, 1559.
God: “he sendeth a woman by birth, we may not refuse her by violence”
marriage: “she may be some mans head as in her household”

19
Q

Subdivisions of gender

A

class, urban/rural, change over time, masculinity/femininity, sexuality/chastity, religion

20
Q

Subdivisions of patriarchy

A

State, town/village (male hierarchy of status), household (conceived in terms of econ. differentiation) - romantic, child/parent, and child/child hierarchies also at play.
Subversion: homosexuality/non-conformist modes of masculinity (eg. libertinism - this could actually enhance male honour in 1660’s)

21
Q

Barbara Palmer

A

Long-standing mistress of Charles II.
Countess of Castlemaine (5 children by C1 from 1660 onwards)
- Pepys: “my Lady Castlemaine rules him”.
- Dabhoiwala: “‘honour’ was something she gained rather than lost through her unchastity”
- Obituary: “satisfying the pleasure of a Prince… her birth and quality, was otherwise very noble”

22
Q

Pepys quotes

A

1660 - “fit of jealousy for her dancing master”, “upon a small temptation I could be false to her, and therefore ought not to expect more justice from her”

23
Q

Eg. of vulnerability of young working women

A

Gowing: Susan More, 25 yr old with an illegitimate child who had worked in 6 houses in 5 years.

24
Q

Eg. of strength of women

A

Pollock; Barret-Lennard siblings - Anne gaining posessions within Belhus estate at father’s death in 1690’s and refusing to give them up to Dacre - taking furniture she was entitled to. Tried to dissuade him from a lawsuit but fought it when necessary. - showed siblings “were at one and the same time allies and rivals”, shows fem “willingness of women to stand up for their rights”

25
Q

Mary I

A

Philip’s power curtailed in marriage negotiations; he was consort and not monarch in his own right, all documents to be signed by Queen as well as King.
1554 Act for the Queen’s Regnal Power = queen’s power as identical to King’s.
Philip given control of foreign policy but couldn’t make appointments (advised M on who to appoint eg. ArchB of York in 1555)

26
Q

Elizabeth and gender

A

MacLaren - Elizabeth a challenge to PATRIARCHAL thinking of hierarchy - reassessment of ‘mixed monarchy’

27
Q

‘Favourites”

A

Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester (d.1586
Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex
Sir Walter Ralegh
Linked to faction

28
Q

Definition ‘mixed monarchy”

A

McLaren - “a corporate body politic” where wisdom of many “imparted grace to a female prince” to preserve prot and national autonomy; E’s coronation = her marriage to commons

29
Q

Myth of Elizabeth

A

Doran: used as “covert criticism”, gender a “crucial factor” in shaping myth.
2 versions - pragmatic vs. militant protestant - propogated by JI, Camden’s Annales
Elizabeth = “supreme monarch” not “supreme head” - bc. of gender
subversive imgs - E as sexual
Walsham - E’s imagery as divine monarch - presented as instrument of God. Discourse of providentialism part of patriotic pride.

30
Q

Monopoly

A

Harris-Sacks - monopoly intially used as rewards and then as a means of gaining revenue - hated and contested by pmnt in 1571 and 1601 (last pmnt and Golden Speech)
Most hated = salt, starch, sugar (voided 1601)
Judged as a violation of Magna Carta in Davenant vs. Hudis in 1570’s

31
Q

E1 and court

A

Williams - court more important because privy c = just women.

32
Q

E1 and local government

A

Williams: Lords L: “by far the most important development in county administration” of c16. Admin allowed 105,800 men to be levied 1585-1603.
Collinson: c16 = rise of “localised self-government” (Terrington, Norfolk, £5000 for flood barriers)
Other offices = Ecclesiastical commissioners, Provost Marshalls (disciplining armies/controlling vagabonds), and overseers of the poor.

33
Q

Bond of Association

A

1584 - those who signed swore to pursue extermination of anyone who harmed the queen - ie. vowing to act independently against threats following Throckmorton Plot. Collinson = “republican statement” preparing for death of queen?

34
Q

Elizabeth and marriage

A

Doran - E phsycologically averse to marriage? Idea put forward by Taylor-Smither because her mother died v young…
E loved Dudley but knew he was inappropriate so didn’t?
E’s near death from smallpox in 1552 - petition from pmnt in 1553 to marry because no preparations for succession (E used this as an opportunity to decline counsel whilst acknowledging right)

35
Q

Conceptions of masculinity

A

hegemonic manhood= econ self-sufficient householders.
Shepard - masculine expectations more “a rhetorical device” than reality?
Cambridge law suits mainly proving soc. standing than honour 1560-1620.
Young and old men considered unstable - former meant to be obedient etc.; old could be wise or prattling.

36
Q

“crisis” in gender relations

A

Underdown and Ingram - 1560-1620’s, coinciding with crisis in power relations. Shown by rise of punishments for scolds - yet lack of comprehensive evidence.
Alternatives = male crisis too? Sexual libertinism (rise in illegit. children…)

37
Q

Golden Speech

A

1601 - last speech to pmnt, after monopolies issues…

“delighted that God hath made me his instrument”

38
Q

Tilbury Speech

A

1588 - to troops, prep. for Spanish Armada.
“I know I have the body of a weak, feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and a King of England too.”
Rose - E often renounces virginity in her speeches, bc. celibacy seen as unnatural by prot. relig. Defines herself in trad. masculine terms.