Gender Flashcards
Evidence for gender inequality in crime for females
Office of national statistics (2015) =
2 women are killed every week due to domestic violence
84% of victims are female
Buckle =
Study into shoplifting shows that there are 2x more men shoplifters than women despite statistics being equal, suggesting that women are more likely to be prosecuted than men for shoplifting
Evidence for gender inequality in crime for males
- Home office (2003) = 81% of known offenders are men and 94% of prisoners are men in the UK
- Williams = Men dominate all categories when looking at type of offence concerning more serious offences
Evidence for gender inequality in the media for females
Gauntlett =
From 1990 to present, there are traditional gender roles across a range of TV and film
Ferguson =
Him, home and looking good (for him)
Evidence for gender inequality in the media for males
Gauntlett =
From 1990 to present, there are traditional gender roles across a range of TV and film
Easthorpe =
Males represented as biologically strong and expected to be masculine
Evidence for gender inequality in education for females
Stanworth =
- Attitudes of teachers towards girls impeid their education progress of girls e.g. forgetting girls names
- Teachers had more stereotypical views of what girls would do in the furture
- Girls would under estimate their ability whereas boys would overestimate theirs
- Classroom interaction disadvantaged girls
Spender =
Described women as invisible in education, arguing that the curriculum was male biased with limited attention being paid to the role of women in history, sciences or the arts and also found that boys received more encouragement from teachers
Evidence for gender inequality in education for males
Jackson =
-Boys laddish behaviour was constructed within the framework of hegemonic masculinity
-Boys and girls believe it is uncool to work and in order to be cool, they have to untie school and work
-Middle class boys can have the best of both worlds by not doing the work but still succeed due to having resources(makes them cool)
Laddish behaviour is seen as a defense mechanism, most boys are scared to fail, they’d prefer to not even try
Francis and skelton =
-Problem boys = Lad culture has developed which is seen as anti-school behaviour. Lad culture is also an insight for wider society for anti-social behvaiour
-At risk boys = Boys are not bad but more vulnerable in today’s society. They experience social exclusion and have low self-esteem. They seek refuge in hegemonic masculinity and mach exterior to protect their fragile interior
Murdock
Functionalism - Murdock believes that gender inequality was due to biological differences. Men and women prefer certain jobs due to biological reasoning. Men prefer to go into more labour demanding jobs like construction and women prefer to go into more caring jobs like nursing.
Parsons
Functionalism - Parsons believes that men and women have roles within society: instrumental and expressive roles. The men are the breadwinners and play the instrumental role because they are the workers and the women play the expressive role because they are the emotional caring ones that look after the children and cook (warm bath theory)
Rastogi
Functionalism - Argued that wage gap and other employment related differences can be explained by the amount of human capital an individual or group of workers have.
Schlafly
New Right - Women should support men because they can’t beat them in this society: “marriage and motherhood have their trials and tribulations but what lifestyle doesn’t”
Millett
Radical Feminism - Men acquire power over women due to biological factors (women getting pregnant and they cannot make the same contribution) but in today’s society with technology and contraceptive pills, men can no longer hold that power over women
Johnson
Radical Feminism - Men try to have a terroristic control over their wives that involves the systematic use of not only violence but also economic subordination, threats, isolation and other control tactics
World Health Organisation (WHO)
Radical Feminism - 30% globally and 25.4% in Europe women have reported incidence of physical or sexual abuse from an intimate partner in their lifetime
Delphy an Leonard
Radical Feminism - Family is an institution that plays a major part in the oppression of women. Women work for the man because he has the economic power in the relationship.
Stanko
Radical Feminism - Argues that sexual harassment in the workplace is used to keep women in their place. Men use their power in the workplace to protect their position
Pringle
Radical Feminism - Argues that the work of female secretaries is largely governed by patriarchal images of the job. It is difficult for secretaries to be taken seriously or have their work valued because of those images
Legislation (sex discrimination act, Equal pay act)
Liberal Feminism - Introduction of these legislation and attempting to change attitudes these try to eradicate sexism and stereotypical views of men and women from children’s books and the mass media
Anne Oakley
Liberal Feminism - Believes that socialisation into gender roles has the consequence of producing rigid, inflexible expectations of men and women, discrimination prevents women from having equal opportunities
Due to manipulation (encouragement of behaviour that is seen as normal for that gender and discouragement of behaviour that is seen as abnormal for that behaviour), canalisation (‘channelling’ of children towards toys and activities seen as normal for that gender), Different activities (being forced into certain hobbies due to gender), Verbal appellations (verbal names and hints that boys are masculine and girls are feminine).
Beechey
Marxist Femnism - Explains the position of women in the labour market in terms of how capitalism operates. Beechey sees women as a cheap reserve army of labour, bought during economic booms but thrown out during slumps. In addition women tend to be in the reserve army because they are seen as combining work with domestic responsibilities.
Benston
Marxist Feminism - Argued that women are used to benefit the operation of the capitalist economy by carrying our unpaid work in terms of housework and childcare
Ansley
Marxist Feminism - Women are the ‘takers of shit’, when husband arrive home after being exploited at work, the women are left to take their frustrations and anger out on their wives (emotional sponges). Women have an important role in maintaining capitalism as the men are less likely to take out anger on ‘bosses’
Dalla Cost & James
Marxist Feminism - Drawing attention to how much domestic work contributes to the economy and whether the women’s work/role within the home (housework, childcare) should be compensated with a wage
Yuval-Davies
Black Feminism - Criticise feminism as she argues it is ethnocentric and only focuses on white women and doesn’t focus on the views and inequality that black women face
Abbott et al
Black Feminism - Feminism claims to address issues concerning women in general but actually concentrates on ‘women’s experience derived from white perspectives and priorities’
Brewer
Black Feminism - Argues that class, race and gender combined to create multiple sources of deprivation and inequality. Black women therefore suffer from disadvantage because they are black, working class and women. These are known as the ‘triple systems theory’
Aziz
Black Feminism - Argues that white feminists have been allowed to speak on behalf of black women but black feminists are not expected/allowed to speak on behalf of white women
Walby
Post-Feminism - Claimed there were three systems inhibiting women’s experience: capitalism, patriarchy and racism, these are important because they overlap to shape an individual’s life chances.
Argues that there has been a move from private patriarchy (in the home) to public patriarchy (outside the home). She identified the six structures of patriarchy: paid employment, household, state, culture, sexuality, violence
Hakim
Post-Feminism - Argues that women now have more choice, and inequality stems from personal preference and choice. Women have better labour market opportunities than ever before. However, not all women make the same choices and they adopt different lifestyle preferences: Adaptive women, work-centred women and home-centred women. It’s the choices women make that disadvantage them not patriarchy
Weber
Weberianism - When looking at gender inequality the focus of Weberian explanations focus mainly on women’s experience in the workplace. Women are going to have less party, class and status within society compared to men
Horizontal segregation
Vertical segregation
Glass ceiling
Glass elevator
Horizontal segregation is the different jobs that men and women do are gendered due to socialisation, men are more likely to become construction workers or something more labour demanding and women are more likely to become a more caring role like a nurse or a teacher.
Vertical segregation is that men are always going to be higher up position within a career.
Glass ceiling concept is that there is barrier for women to get a job or a promotion.
Glass elevator concept is that men have a ‘hidden advantage’ and are able to get promoted quicker without any effort or have to do as much work as women.
Equal Opportunities Commission
Weberianism - The equal opportunities commission explains horizontal segregation as individual differences (including human capital theory), individual career choices based on their perceptions (parents, teachers), discrimination by employers and barriers within organisations
Barron and Norris
Weberianism - The dual labour market focuses on gender inequalities in employment, they argue that two labour markets exist: primary and secondary. Barron and Norris argue that women can be found in the secondary labour market because within a job they get lower pay, poor security and low promotion prospects and women are also getting worse employment opportunities than men
Electoral Commission
Weberianism - There is a ‘political activism gap’ by gender. According to their research women are significantly less likely than men to participate in campaign-orientated activities such as contacting a politician and donating money to, working for, or being a member of a political party
Skeggs
Postmodernism - Skeggs argues that women are too divided by class, gender, ethnicity and age for the concepts of femininity and masculinity to be useful
Faludi
Postmodernism - Suggests there has been a feminist backlash and the younger generation do not want to talk about the ‘F’ word
