Gender

Question 1

What are the 4 different categories Deborah Jones categorised Women’s speech ?

Answer 1

Mouse talk - sharing info

Scandal - judging others based on moral standards

Bitching - expressing anger about restricted roles privately among women

Chatting - most intimate form

Question 2

What did Jennifer Coates argue ?

Answer 2

• argues girls and boys grow up belonging to same -sex friends groups
  -men will reject topic
  conversation introduced by women
  -women more likley to have intimate convo

Question 3

What are the strengths and Weaknesses to Lakoffs theory ?

Answer 3

STRENGTHS
-first major study on language and gender
-some features (tag questions and heding) found in modern studies
WEAKNESS
-based on old-fashion gender roles
-not all women speak this way
-ignores social class, ethnicity

Question 4

What features did Lakoff’s theory say women used in their language ?

Answer 4

Hedging - softened statement
Tag question- it’s cold, isn’t it ?

Minimal response - show their listening (mhm and yeah)
Indirect speech - it’s cold in here (less dominant)

empty adjectives - words that add meaning to show emotion “lovely
Diminutives- use of smaller sounding words “teeny tiny”

Question 5

What is Hedging ?

Answer 5

words or statements used to soften a statement and make it sound less direct

‘she passed away’ - ‘she died’

Question 6

What is collocation ?

Answer 6

words that often go together in a set way

‘fast food’

Question 7

What is a connotation ?

Answer 7

associations we have for a term
hidden meaning

‘beautiful women’ - she’s dumb

Question 8

How does Fishman and Lakoff’s theory agree and disagree

Answer 8

AGREE - both agree men speak more and women ask more question
DISAGREE- on why women ask more questions

Lakoff - women using them shows their insecurity and hesitancy in communication

Fishman - women use questions as an attribute of interactions

Question 9

What researcher backs Deborah Tannen ?

Answer 9

Jennifer Coats
girls and boys tend to belong to same sex friendship groups growing up - therefore developing different styles of speaking

Question 10

What is a Marked form ?

Answer 10

A word or form that stands out as different form what’s seen as ‘normal’
‘Actor’ is unmarked
‘Actress’ is marked

Question 11

What is Folklinguistics ?

Answer 11

Beliefs or assumptions that aren’t backed up by real evidence

-Some people believe women talk more then men

Question 12

What is a Deviant ?

Answer 12

Person or thing that doesn’t follow the ‘norm’

Someone wearing gloves in summer

Question 13

What does Gender mean ?

Answer 13

The difference in blur and roles as a result of societal expectations

Question 14

What is a Gender Script ?

Answer 14

Typical way society expects men and women to behave

Idea that women should stay at home with kids and men work

Question 15

What is a Dysphemism ?

Answer 15

A deliberate or harsh way of saying something

‘He is taking a shit’ instead of ‘He’s going to the bathroom’

Question 16

What is an unmarked form ?

Answer 16

Normal or default version of a word

‘Lion’ - unmarked
‘Lioness’ marked

Question 17

What does Sex mean

Answer 17

Biological difference between male and female

Question 18

What’s the Dominance Model in short

Answer 18

Belief males dominate conversation

Question 19

What theory challenges Lakoff ?

Answer 19

O’Barr and Atkins
-found that men in lower -status jobs also used these features
-meaning it’s about power

Question 20

What is a Euphemism ?

Answer 20

A polite / softer way of saying something unpleasant or taboo

‘he passed away’ instead of ‘he died’

Question 21

What does heteronormativity mean ?

Answer 21

A set of norms and expectations based on heterosexual

Question 22

What is semantic derogation ?

Answer 22

When a word gets a negative meaning over time

Question 23

What is a tag question ?

Answer 23

A short question added to end of a statement to check or confirm something

‘it’s cold, isn’t it ?’

Question 25

What is socialisation process ?

Answer 25

Way people learn how to behave by following what society teaches them Child taught to say 'pls' and 'thanks' as thats what society expects

Question 26

What does genderlect mean and who coined the term ?

Answer 26

Genderlect = language of a gender Deborah Tannen - coined the term to describe different language use of men and women

Question 27

What is John Sinclair's theory?

Answer 27

Studied real life language used by looking at large collections of texts to find patterns in how words are actually used

Question 28

What was Jennifer Coates theory ? *women's cooperative discourse

Answer 28

Coates examined all female convos said women are more cooperative. Womens cooperative discourse : -minimal responses (mhm and yeah) -hedges (sort of) -questions -turn taking (cooperative)

Question 29

What was Dale Spender key ideas ? *dominance model

Answer 29

Male language is the norm, our use of language ensures male power is sustained

Question 30

What did Deborah Tannen aruge ?

Answer 30

-Gender conversations isn't about power but more miscommunication - Men grow up together and women grow up together so grow up with different discourse

Question 31

How does Esther Grief agree with Zimmerman and West ?

Answer 31

She agrees and states -both parents inderrupt daughters more than sons -fathers interrupt more than mothers

Question 32

What was the Zimmerman and West study? *findings *conclusion

Answer 32

Found - men were responsible for 96% of interruptions in mixed gender convos -according to their study men : speak more, longer turns and are interrupted less Conclusion - since men interrupt more they are dominating or attempting to

Question 33

What are some of the labelled pairs Deborah Tannen said that show the difference of men and women ?

Answer 33

Men vs Women Status vs Support Advice vs Understanding Order vs Proposal Independence vs intimacy

Question 34

What is the Dominance Approach ? *Dominance model

Answer 34

Belief that the language difference between men and women can be explained by the hierarchical dominance of men in society

Question 35

What is Robin Lakoff's theory ?

Answer 35

-studied how men and women use language differently -Deficit model argues that women's languages is weaker then mens - Lakoff believed women's speech made them sound less confident and less powerful in conversation

Question 36

What is Moeys theory ? *gender and marked terms

Answer 36

LEXICAL PRIMING theory suggests we remember how, when and where we've seen words before Key ideas -words come with expectations

Question 37

What are the key ideas of the Corpus theory and who is the theorist ? *gender - market terms

Answer 37

John Sinclair Key ideas 1) 2 ways of using words: open choice principle and idiom principle 2) Collocation 3) Meaning come from context

Question 38

What is open choice principle and idiom principle ?