Gender Flashcards
By the age of 40, how many females compared to males had a criminal conviction?
9% of females compared to 32% of males
What types of crimes are females mostly convicted of, and what type of crimes are males mostly convicted of?
Females- Property offences, excluding burglary
Males- violent and sexual offences, as well as being repeat offenders and more serious offenders.
What is the chivalry thesis?
This thesis attempts to offer an explanation as to why women appear less in crime statistics than men.
What did FLOOD find linking to the chivalry thesis about women?
Women were more likely to be cautioned than men rather than charged for the offence.
What do the official statistics say about females?
Females are more likely to be released on bail, receive a fine and less likely to go to prison than men.
Evidence against the chivalry thesis…
- Women are more likely to do commit less serious offences so they are less likely to receive harsh sentences.
- Farrington & Morris - found that of 408 offences of theft in a magistrates court, women were not sentenced more leniently than men.
- Self report studies found that men do commit more crimes.
What is the feminist view on chivalry?
Feminists believe that actually the courts punish women more harshly..
Carlen found that women are also judged on their roles as wives and mothers, not just the crime they committed.
Double standards- girls are more likely to be punished for promiscuity than boys, boys are very unlikely to be punished for this
What does Parsons say about the conventional nuclear family?
Men take an instrumental role outside outside the home, with women taking the expressive role inside the home. Resulting in girls having positive role models, whilst boys reject the feminine role models.
What does Cohen say about socialisation?
States that boys are more difficult to socialise in some cases as men have less of socialising role than women.
What do feminists say we live in as a society?
We live in a patriarchal society, which is why women are so conformists, and are subjected to control, reducing the opportunities to offend
Where are the 3 places of control of women, according to Heidensohn?
- Control at home: domestic roles imposes serious restrictions on women and how they manage their time.
- Control in public: women are controlled in public through the fear of male crime, as they are scared of becoming victims to a man.
- Control at work: Women are generally subordinate to men at work and experience high levels of male control and sexual harassment which serves to keep them ‘in their place’.
What is the class deal?
women who work are offered material rewards with a decent standard of living and leisure opportunities therefore they avoid criminality.
What is the gender deal?
Patriarchal ideology promises women material and emotional rewards from family life if they conform to the norms of a conventional domestic gender role.
What does Adler argue in the Liberation Thesis
Argues that women are increasingly less subjected to patriarchal forces and as opportunities become more equal the female crime rate will increase
What percentage of men and women are victims of homicide, and violence
Homicide- women 60% Men 70%.
Violence - women 2% men 4%.
What type of violence are women more likely to be victims of?
Stalking, sexual assault and domestic violence
What is hegemonic masculinity?
the idea that a society holds an idea of what a real man is, for example, working in paid labour, the subordination of women, heterosexism and showing their desire for women.
What is subordinated masculinity?
Includes the lower class and ethnic minority males who lack the resources to achieve hegemonic masculinity.
How has globalisation led to the increase in crime opportunities for working class males?
Typical working class jobs moved globally, and so the boys had to work in clubs, and pubs where they earn less money so they turn to crime to express their violence.
What is bodily capital for males?
A subculture where the ability to use violence becomes a way to show masculinity and also earn a living, e.g bouncers develop physical assets.
