Gender

Question 1

What is the stereotypical profile of a criminal according to crime statistics?

Answer 1

A young male of ethnic minority background, working class, living in a city or large town.

Question 2

What did old criminologists believe was the reason women commit less crime?

Answer 2

Biology was thought to be the reason.

Question 3

According to Talcott Parsons, what role do women traditionally perform in families?

Answer 3

The expressive role, including raising children and taking care of emotional needs.

Question 4

What is the sex role theory?

Answer 4

A theory arguing that biologically determined sex explains offending and victimisation rates between males and females.

Question 5

What do boys and girls traditionally get socialized to play with, according to the sex role theory?

Answer 5

Boys with cars and soldiers; girls with housewife roles, being soft and gentle.

Question 6

What is the gender deal in criminology?

Answer 6

Working class women are less likely to commit crime if they achieve the promise of a man/husband and family.

Question 7

What is the class deal in criminology?

Answer 7

Success in the job market ensuring a regular wage reduces the likelihood of women offending.

Question 8

What did Carlen’s study reveal about women and crime?

Answer 8

Women failed to find legitimate ways to earn a decent living and removed controls that prevented them from offending.

Question 9

What concept did Heidensohn introduce regarding women’s opportunities to offend?

Answer 9

Patriarchal control reduces women’s opportunities to offend.

Question 10

What barriers do women face at work according to Heidensohn?

Answer 10

Sexual harassment and the glass ceiling.

Question 11

What does the term ‘bedroom culture’ refer to?

Answer 11

Girls socializing at home rather than in public, making them less likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Question 12

What does Pollack’s chivalry theory suggest about the treatment of women in the criminal justice system?

Answer 12

Leniency towards women fulfilling stereotypical roles due to paternalistic attitudes.

Question 13

What is hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 13

A theory revolving around men’s power and dominance in society, leading to toxic masculinity.

Question 14

How can hegemonic masculinity influence criminal behavior?

Answer 14

Men may commit crimes to retain and demonstrate their power.

Question 15

What is subordinate masculinity?

Answer 15

The opposite of hegemonic masculinity, displayed by less masculine men who feel inferior.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: According to the text, __________ is a theory which revolves around men’s power and dominance in society.

Answer 16

[Hegemonic masculinity]

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The __________ theory argues that women commit less crime due to their socialization into nurturing roles.

Answer 17

[Sex role]

Question 18

True or False: The glass ceiling prevents women from rising to senior positions, which can increase their opportunity to engage in criminal activity.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What did Dobash and Dobash find regarding violent attacks and domestic roles?

Answer 19

Many violent attacks result from men’s dissatisfaction with their wives’ performance of domestic duties.

Question 20

What effect does fear of male violence have on women’s public behavior?

Answer 20

It controls women’s behavior and increases their fear, limiting their freedom.