gender

Question 1

Bruce and Brian twins

Answer 1

Bruces penis got burnt of when getting circumsised because they weren’t able to go to the toilet without being circumsized.
Then went to Dr John Money- who said it was better to bring up Bruce as a girl
So they got rid of his testicles and started giving him oestrogen
Which caused him to be like a girl
They called him Brenda- grew him up as a girl
But bruce would rather play with boy toy games and act like a boy
Dr John Money who make the twins do certain sex positions and exposed them to inappropriate things.
Dr John tried forcing Bruce to transition into a woman
He says no and doesn’t anymore and then the parents told them both the truth
Brian got schizophrenia
Bruce was released an changed his name to David from Brenda
He then got married and did surgery but the trauma impacted his mental health
Brian and David both ended up committing suicide

Question 2

androgyny

Answer 2

Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics in ones personality. And0= male Gyny=female

Question 3

gender fluid

Answer 3

Having different gender identities at different times, including single gender and non-binary

Question 4

non binary

Answer 4

ndividuals do not conform to the traditional idea offing exclusively one gender or the other. Someone who is non-binary might feel a mix of genders or not one at all

Question 5

gender dysphoria

Answer 5

A clinical diagnosis describing the discomfort/ distress arising from the mismatch between a persons assigned sex and their gender identity.

Question 6

Judith butler

Answer 6

ilosopher Judith Butler, began to question the concept of gender
She has lived through gender movements which have recognised her to be a founder of her own gender theory
What she proposes, is that we must look into our personal and societal history to understand this concept of gender.
70S and 80s Guer theory, understanding gender through feminism
Assigned sex and gender should not determine your life
“The body is nor a fact’
Family structure, enforces gender roles- idea from feminists findings

Question 7

Cognitive approach with gender biases

Answer 7

Biases- errors in the way we process information. The way we think about ourselves and others is affected by our conscious bias. Psychologists have identified two extreme biases that can lead to inequality, prejudice and discrimination.

Alpha bias- This is a. Very binary perspective which encourages women and men to identify more closely with one gender. Creates a sense of abnormality when people do not conform traditional gender categories.
Beta Bias- The tendency to minimise or ignore differences between groups eg- between women and men, binary and non-binary people etc. Fails to acknowledge the different needs of men and women, non-binary and gender fluid people.

Question 8

Gender schematic- COG

Answer 8

people have strong gender schemas and categories other peoples behaviour as ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’, even if the behaviour is not gender- relevant.Because of this, gender-schematic people are highly sensitive to deviations from gender- stereotypical behaviour

Question 9

-COG Gender schematic

Answer 9

people attach very little significance to gender, and hardly notice anything in social interactions.

Question 10

Gender schema theory Martin and Halverso 1983- COG

Answer 10

They suggested that gender schema has an important effect on memory. Information consistent with gender schema is more likely to be stored and recalled than inconsistent information. A girl who believes engineering is for men and nursing is for women, will seek out information about nursing, adding to her gender schema. She will ignore information about engineering and recall more about nursing. Her recall to gender inconsistent information may be distorted to fit her gender schema such s incorrectly recalling a male nurse as a woman.

Question 11

Got to do with cognitive priming - what is it

Answer 11

when we notice a stimuli later on after being earlier exposed to it.

Question 12

Cognitive priming - Sex role- stereotypes

Answer 12

Refers to the fixed views that people have of men and women roles. Stereotypes are there as cognitive shortcuts. The gender stereotypes that you believe in prime you to expect particular gender- related behaviours.

Question 13

Cog priming- gender roles

Answer 13

The roles that women and men as seen performing also prime gender-typical behaviour. This can include roles in both the real world and the media.

Question 14

Social- Influence of culture on gender

Answer 14

Culture differs to the extent to which gender is considered binary
Several cultures use the term ‘third gender’ for people who do not fit the strict classification of women or man.
Eg- known as Biharis in India- recognised as having legal identities in Indian passports
The fa’agafine of Samoa are biological males who adopt the traditional female role of some. They may have sexual relationsiphs with men but aren’t classified as gay.

Question 15

Gender segregation -soc

Answer 15

by the age of three most children can state whether they are a boy or girl .It also begins at this age, so by the time children reach primary school they spend very little time with other- gender peers.

Question 16

Gender typicality- social

Answer 16

This is the extent to which a person feels they are like other member of their gender category
This means the individual has to reflect on their personal qualities and make a. Judgment about how well they fit in with the rest ion the group
This concept is powerfully influence by social contact.

Question 17

conformity- pressure to conform -soc

Answer 17

An adolescent feels pressure to conform to the norms associated with a gender role
Pressure comes mainly from parents, teachers and peers including pressure not to behave in gender atypical ways.

Question 18

conformity- gender- non-conformity

Answer 18

Felt pressure is a major cause of stress for adolescents who do not conform to gender role norms. This is because they are trying to cope with a role that many still feel is socially unacceptable.. Negative outcomes for non- conforming adolescents include teasing, bullying and rejection by peers. The stress associated with not conforming may explain incidence of gender dysphoria.

Question 19

NSI and ISI

Answer 19

Peers exert NSI in the sense that they provide norms gender typical behaviour
This can also be understood as ISI as peers are sources of information about gender- related behaviours

Question 20

influence of the media- learning

Answer 20

The media has a monumental impact on gender-role stereotypes from a young age
There are three ways the media can affect ideas surrounding gender:
Modelling
Vicarious Reinforcement
identifaction

Question 21

Modelling- learning

Answer 21

Gender-typical models on TV. Online media increasingly provides gender-atypical models such as influences who are attractive and have high social status

Question 22

vicarious reinforcement- learning

Answer 22

The consequences of figures in the media behaving in gender-typical and gender-atypical ways are indirectly experienced by an observer

Question 23

identification- learning

Answer 23

An observer is more likely to imitate a gender-atypical model when they identify with them

Question 24

modelling with children- learning

Answer 24

Modelling- Parents encourage gender-typical behaviours in their children by modelling them. For example, a mother might model feminine-typical behaviour whenever she tens to her child’s needs. A child may then observe the mother and imitate them, especially girls as they identify with the mother’s gender.

Question 25

vicarious reinforcement - learning - children

Answer 25

Children also observe the consequences of a model’s behaviour. For example, if a girl observes her older sister being praised for looking after a doll, she’s likely to copy that behaviour. Additionally, celebrities being praised for their alternative looks.

Question 26

identification with children- learning

Answer 26

Modelling and vicarious reinforcement are powerful when someone identifies with the model. When they perceive the message to be ‘like me’.

Question 27

operant conditioning -learning - learning through consequence - 2 ways

Answer 27

Rewards and Punishment When children behave in ways considered typical of their gender, parents and peers tend to reward them with praise, encouragement and approval.
Differential Reinforcement

This refers to the idea that you reward boys and girls for different things. Boys are reinforced for masculine behaviours, and girls are reinforced for feminine behaviours.

Question 28

Baby ‘X’ studies

Answer 28

Baby ‘x’ studies investigate adult behaviours when asked to play with a child presented with no gender or the opposite gender to what they actually are

Question 29

testosterone and gender (role of sex hormone)- bio

Answer 29

Production of testosterone is triggered in the womb by the SRY gene
Testosterone levels before and after birth may be responsible for some differences in the brains of men and women such as a larger amygdala in men
High levels of the male sex hormone, testosterone, are associated with development of a masculine-typical gender in both males and females

Question 30

Testosterone and gender congenital adrenal hyperplasia - role of sex hormones

Answer 30

This is a condition where a female foetus is exposed to unusually high levels of testosterone
The outcome is ambiguous genitalia that often resembles a penis
When raised as a girl, research suggests they show play behaviour and toy preference more of a boy
However in adulthood, they are contempt with their identification as a woman (5% say they would like to leave like a man)
Eg Ashleys story

Question 31

Oestrogen- sex hormones- bio

Answer 31

Oestrogen determines female sexual characteristics at puberty (breasts, pubic hair and reproductive tissues)
Has a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle
Alongside physical changes, Oestrogen causes some women to experience heightened emotionality and irritability just before menstruation (premenstrual tension)
Though some psychologists argue this is a social or cultural phenomenon
Oestrogen also plays a role in male development such as bone growth

Question 32

Oxytocin- role of sex hormones- bio

Answer 32

Women generally produce more oxytocin than men mostly as a result of childbirth
Oxytocin is released in massive quantities during and after childbirth
This is because is has an emotional bonding function
The hormone also stimulates lactation
As well as reducing the stress hormone cortisol
Oxytocin also promotes relationship building between adults

Question 33

Turners syndrome -role of hormones - bio

Answer 33

A ‘normal’ person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, equalling two sex chromosomes determining gender
For a female- XX, and for a male XY
1 in 5000 biological females inherit just one X chromosome instead of two
Adults with TS do not develop a menstrual cycle, ovaries or breasts at puberty
Most identify as a woman, with a small percentage experiencing gender dysphoria

Question 34

Dominant male theory- evolutionary explanation- bio

Answer 34

Because males must compete for females the strongest more dominant males mate most frequently
Therefore the genes that make the male such a sought-after mate, continue into future generations
This also ensures the continuation of masculine-typical traits contributing to dominance
The theory suggests that male characteristics have remained dominant throughout evolution
The theory has been used to suggest why more men are found in leadership roles and occupy more positions of power

Question 35

division of labour in the EEA- EVOLUTIONARY explanations

Answer 35

EEA- Environment of evolutionary adaptation
Men and women in the EEA adopted different roles to ensure reproductive success. Men were hunters and required aggression and athleticism to provide resources
It was too dangerous for women to hunt, especially if they were lactating they could not risk leaving an infant without any food source
Therefore women gathered fruit at home, and developed female-associated characteristics like caring and n