Gender

Question 1

Sex:

Answer 1

Biological status of being male or female

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

Social categories of male and female

Question 3

Gender roles

Answer 3

Gender roles are a set of shared cultural expectations that outlines the attitudes and behaviours a typical male or female should display.

Question 4

Gender role continued

Answer 4

Can change across time between, are attuned by gender typing -

Question 5

Gender typing

Answer 5

The process by which children come to take on the gender roles expected in their society.

Question 6

Gender typings explained by

Answer 6

_ Biological approaches, socialization approach, cognitive approach.

Question 7

Biological approach

Answer 7

Levels of sex hormones [ testosterones+ estrogen] affect gender linked characteristics
- differential development of the brain structures in girls and boys
- differential interests and activities in girls and boys

Question 8

Socialization approach

Answer 8

• Stress the importance of gendered social influences
  Socialization: the process through which children acquire the attitudes, beliefs, behaviour

and skills that their society considers appropriate..

Question 9

Agents of socialization

Answer 9

Parents, teachers/coaches, siblings, peers, media.

Question 10

Socialization approaches (continued) ‘

Answer 10

Socialization of gender roles begin before birth and strengthen after birth.
- decor for room, clothes, parental interaction, behavioural or psychological characteristics that others ‘ automatically assign to child.

Differential gender socialization may become more pronounced in adolescence:parents, teachers, peers.

Question 11

Bandura social cognitive theory

Answer 11

Bandura social cognitive theory: although adolescence pickup gender related behaviour from models, personal factors such as thoughts, desires, and feelings interact with learned behaviour and social influences to produce tendencies to act in particular ways.

• self efficiency [confidence to carry out tasks] also plays a role in determining gender-related behaviour shown.
• may observe a behaviour as being part of their gender, but will only engage in the behaviour if are they confident that can successfully execute behaviour

Question 12

Cognitive approaches

Answer 12

• stress the ways children’s understanding of gender leads to achievement of gender consistently and the construction of gender schemas and a coherent gender identity.

Question 13

Kohlberg and gender identity

Answer 13

• Cognitive-development theory of gender
• according to this theory: gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world
• gender identity: aspects of a persons sense of masculinity or femininity; image of one self as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics.

Question 14

Kohlberg and gender identity,

Answer 14

Building blocks of gender identity include:
Gender labelling: correctly labelling as male or female.
Gender stability: understanding gender remains the sameover time.
Gender consistency: realization that gender is not altered by superficial changes

Question 15

Gender schema theory.

Answer 15

• Is an informative processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive development features.
• explains how environmental pressure and children’s cognition work together to shape gender role development..
• adolescence have learned(through socialnation) to categorize an enormous range of activities, objects, and personality characteristics as “female,” or “male”
  > gender schemas have influence now we interpret behaviour from others and what we expect from them.

Question 16

Integrating various approach:
Development systems theory

Answer 16

• Ecological systems approach that offers an integrated account of how-a persons sex&gender act on and are acted on by the social context in which the person is embedded.
• biological, social, and cognitive factors all play a role in development of gender.