gender Flashcards
Robin Lakoff - 1975
women’s language is seen as inferior to men:
hedges
italics
speak less
indirect requests
tag questions
polite forms
empty adjectives
apologetic
avoid coarse language
O’Barr + Atkins - 1980
oppose lakoff
more down to power, status, class and situation specific authority
women who use low frequent of women’s language traits have a higher status
hesitancy is about power
Trudgill - 1973
women use standard english
use -ing suffix frequently
- show status and prestige
folk linguists
women:
- gossip more
- ask questions more
- better listeners
Zimmerman + West - 1975
campus study
- 96% interruptions = men
- men had longer turn takes
Stewart - 1973
observed american mothers:
- girls get more support when little
- so vocal + comprehension is better
pamela fishman
conversation between genders sometimes fails due to how men respond or don’t respond to women which is why women ask questions
men speak twice as long in mixed sex convos
- challenges lakoff
dale spender
men are dominant in a convo as dominant in society
social conditioning make women polite + respectful towards men
their behaviour is less confident
Deborah Cameron
women have been taught the proper ways to speak; verbal hygiene
Deborah tanner
women and men have different speech cultures
report talk vs rapport talk
Holmes
women are more polite
women are more likely to compliment more than men
stanley
220 terms to describe promiscuous females but only 20 to describe men
insults for men are less taboo and sexual
Miller + Swift
use pronoun “them” instead of “he” and “she” to replace gender bias
replace marked job titles with neutral replacements
coates
builds onto tanners ideas
women’s talk consists of:
- bitching
- scandal
- housetalk
- chatting
Pilkington
women talk to affirm solidarity and maintain relationships
focus on: personal anecdotes, feelings and relationships.
agree frequently
