Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology paper 3 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Sex

A

The biological differences between males and females including chromosomes, hormones and anatomy - Innate and cannot be assigned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gender

A

The psychological, social and cultural differences between men/boys and women/girls including attitudes, behaviours and social roles - Partly nurture , assigned so can be fluid (open to masculinity/ femininity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

People who do not have correspondence between sex and gender identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sex role stereotype

A

A set of beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected or appropriate for men and women in a given society or social group.
- Reinforced by peers, parents, media or school
-Can lead to sexist assumptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Androgyny

A

Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics in one’s personality. High A = High psychological well being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bem Sex role Inventory

A

The first systematic attempt to measure androgyny using a rating scale of 60 traits (20 M, 20 F, 20 A)
Rated 1-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bem Sex role inventory Strength 1

A

Measured quantitatively, useful for research purposes when it is necessary e.g to quantify a dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bem Sex role inventory Strength 1 Counter

A

Spence argues qualitative data is better to analyse gender, and to rather combine different scales e.g Personal attribute questionnaire.
This suggests both qualitative and quantitative approaches are useful to study different aspects of androgyny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

BSRI Strength 2

A

Valid and Reliable
Scale developed by asking 50 male and 50 female judges to scale 200 traits on their masculinity/ femininity
- 20 Highest traits became part of the scale
- BSRI then piloted with 1000 people and results corresponded with their own gender identity (validity)
- Follow up study of smaller sample of same people produced similar scores a month later - Test - retest reliability
Valid and reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BSRI Strength 2 counter

A
  • 40 Years old , outdated notions of gender, Devised all from U.S.
    Lacks temporal validity, and generalisation, not suitable measure of gender identity today
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BSRI Limitation

A
  • People may not have insight into their degree of masculinity, femininity or androgyny
  • Questionnaire relies on understanding
  • Gender is a social construct , open to interpretation, subjective
  • Thus, not objective or scientific way to measure gender
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bem’s assumption on androgyny

A

They are more psychologically healthy as they are best placed in situations to deal with situations that demand a masculine, feminine or androgynous response. - But Some researcher’s argue masculine is more better adjusted as it is highly valued in Western culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The role of chromosomes

A

Found in the nucleus of living cells and carrying information in the form of genes. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determine biological sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The role of hormones

A

A biochemical substance that circulates in the blood but only affects target organs . Act upon brain development, and and cause development of reproductive organs. Male development = Androgen e.g Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced mainly in male testes and lightly in female ovaries. Associated with aggressiveness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oestrogen

A

Primary female hormone that produces female sexual characteristics and mensuration. PMS = Irritability and medical category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oxytocin

A

Women produce more, especially after giving birth. Stimulates lactation (breastmilk), Reduces stress hormone of cortisol and makes mother connect with baby. Men producing less induces stereotype that men are less interested in intimacy even though studies find the same amount during amorous activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Strength for hormones

A

Evidence for testosterone
- Wang gave 227 hypogonadal men testosterone therapy for 180 days.
- Improved sexual function, libido, mood and muscle growth observed
- Shows a direct influence testosterone has on male sexual arousal, aswell as physical development in adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Counter for hormones (Testosterone)

A

O’Connor conducted a double blind study and increased testosterone in healthy young men.
- No increases in the interactional or non interactional components of sexual behaviour in participants
- No change in anger or aggression
- This suggests that additional testosterone may not have any effects on sexual or aggressive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Weakness for biological accounts ( Chromosomes and hormones)

A

Social factors ignored
- Hofstede claims gender roles are a consequence of social norms than biology
- Based on whether cultures are individualist or collectivist
- Individualist - more masculine e.g capitalist societies e.g US & UK
- Thus, masculine traits are more valued
- This challenges biological explanations of gender behaviour and suggests social factors are more important in shaping gender behaviour and attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Weakness of biological accounts (Chromosones & Hormones) 2

A

Reductionist
- Do not account for alternative explanations
- E.g Cognitive approach for schema
-E.g Psychodynamic approach for importance of childhood experiences such as interactions within the family
-This suggests that gender is more complex than biological factors alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The role of chromosomes and hormones Apply it

A

The case of David Reimer - Bruce! and Brian. Enforced by John Money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Examples of Atypical sex chromosome patterns

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome & Turner’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Physical characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A
  • XXY
  • Reduced body hair, breast development (gynaecomastia) , softening/ rounding of the body,
  • Long gangly limbs, small infertile testes, problems with coordination and clumsiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Psychological characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A
  • Poorly developed language skills and reading ability
  • Passive, shy and lack interest in sexual activity
  • May not respond well to stressful situations and struggle with memory and problem solving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Physical characteristics of Turner’s syndrome

A
  • XO
  • Only 45 chromosomes
    -Do not have a menstrual cycle (amenorrhoe)
  • Ovaries fail to develop, thus sterile
  • Broad ‘shield’ chest
  • Low set ears and a ‘webbed neck’
  • High waist to hip ratio
  • Physically immature ( appearance of prepubescent girls )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Psychological characteristics of Turner’s syndrome

A
  • Higher than average reading ability
  • But less spatial, visual memory and mathematics
  • Socially immature , cannot relate to family and peers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Strength of atypical sex chromosome conditions

A
  • Contribution to nature-nurture debate
  • By comparing to chromosome typical individuals, can see psychological and behavioural differences (e.g higher verbal ability to normal girls)
    -Supports the view that innate ‘nature’ influences’ have a powerful influence on psychology and behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Counterpoint to Strength of atypical chromosome conditions (nature)

A

The relationship between the chromosome differences and the behavioural differences are not casual
-Environmental and social influences are more important for behavioural differences observed
- E.g Turner’s syndrome appearance > Treatment > Performance at school
- Wrong to assume that psychological and behavioural differences in atypical chromosome people are due to nature

30
Q

Strength of atypical sex chromosome conditions 2

A

Real world application
- Can manage the syndromes
- Research leads to more accurate diagnoses
- Herlithy found out of 87 people with Klinefelter’s syndrome, those who were diagnosed younger experienced more benefits to manage
- Increased awareness of conditions has useful real world application

31
Q

Limitation of atypical sex chromosome

A

Sampling issue
- Only those with severe symptoms are identified, thus typical symptoms are distorted
- Necessary to identify those with a large number of disordered to see full range from mild to severe
- Boada found that prospective studies (following XXY individuals from birth) are more accurate (many do not experience severe cognitive or psychological problems and they are successful)
- Suggests the picture of these syndromes may be exaggerated

32
Q

Treating Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Testosterone replacement therapy & Fertility treatment

33
Q

Treating Turner’s syndrome

A

Growth hormone injections & Oestrogen replacement for breasts
Oestrogen and progesterone later given to keep the womb healthy

34
Q

Kohlberg’s theory - Stages in development

A

1) Gender identity (2-3)
2) Gender stability (4)
3) Gender constancy (6)

35
Q

Strength of Kohlberg’s theory

A
  • Research support
    -Evidence that gender stereotyping emerges at 6
  • Damon : Story about George who liked to play with dolls
  • 4’s = fine 6= Wrong
36
Q

Counter of Damon’s research (Kohlberg’s theory)

A
  • Bandura found 4 year olds who felt good and bad about opposite gender toys
37
Q

Weakness of Kohlberg’s theory

A
  • Bem criticised methodology to study link between gender and cognitive development
    -40% of 3-5 year olds could demonstrate constancy from pictures of genitalia
  • Typical way of testing gender constancy may misrepresent what younger children actually know
38
Q

Weakness of Kohlberg’s theory
Martin

A
  • Martin argues there may be degrees of constancy
    -May be more gradual and begin earlier
    -Initial degree - importance of gender in friends and seeking information
    -Second degree - Responsiveness to gender norms under conditions of conflict e.g clothes
39
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A

Martin and Halverson argues that after Gender Identity (age 2-3) they will search the environment for information that encourages gender schema
- Contrasts Kohlberg’s view that this process only begins after 3 stages (gender constancy )
- Ingroup information better remembered rather than outgroup
- At 8 , they develop schema for both genders
- Ingroup identity serves to strengthen a child’s self esteem

40
Q

GST Strength 1

A

Research support
- Martin & Halverson , Under 6 year olds recalled gender stereotypical pictures rather than others 1 week later
- Supports age (under 6) aspect of GST

41
Q

GST Limitation

A

Earlier Gender identity
Zosuls - Longitudinal study of 82 children
-Videotaped babies from 9 - 21 months to find when babies identified themselves as boy or girl. - Average 19 months suggesting babies can identify themselves even before they speak
-Suggests Martin and Halverson’s underestimation of when children use gender labels

42
Q

Earlier gender identity counterpoint (GTS)

A
  • Not vital to think about the ages as they are averages, not absolutes
    -Sequence of developmental thinking which is important
    -Zosul’s findings are not fundamental
43
Q

GTS Strength 2 Cherry

A

-GTS theory can account for cultural differences in stereotypically gender appropriate behaviour
-e.g Traditional cultures who believe women should take a nurturing role and men , pursue a career & Raise children who will adopt this schema
Marting & Halverson explains how gender schema are transmitted between members of society and how cultural differences in gender stereotypes come about

44
Q

Little Hans

A

5 Year old boy who had a fear of beting bitten by a horse because he had seen a horse die and collapse on the street
-Fear of bitten represented his fear of castration because of Hans’ love for mother
- Freud: Hans displaced his fear of father onto horses via displacement

45
Q

Oedipus complex Strength (Freud’s psychodynamic explanation of gender)

A

-Support for Oedipus complex
-Morey found rated the gender identity of 49 boys aged 3-11 based on interviews with family and children themselves
- 75 of those who were ‘gender disturbed ‘ had no father figure
-This suggests being raised with no father may have a negative impact upon gender identity - as Freud predicted

46
Q

Counterpoint for Morey

A
  • Bos compared data from 63 children raised by lesbians vs 68 ‘traditional families’. - Lesbian children were less likely to feel pressure to conform to gender stereotypes and were less likely to assume their gender is superior, but no difference in psychosocial adjustment of gender identity
    -Contradicts Freud’s theory as it suggests father’s are not necessary for healthy gender identity development
47
Q

Psychodynamic Weakness f

A

Inadequate account for female development
-Androcentric bias

48
Q

Psychodynamic Weakness

A

Pseudoscientific - Popper
Lack of rigour, concepts are largely unconscious

49
Q

SLT Gender strength 1

A

Smith involved babies 4-6 months to randomly dress as boy or girl and were observed interactions with adults
- Hammer shaped rattle and encouraged to be couragouse and adventerous
- Girls told prettygivendollsand reinforced to be passive
-Shows Gender approproate behaviour is reinforced at an early age using differential reinforcment

50
Q

Slt Strength counter 1

A

Differencial reinforcment may not be the cause of gender differences in behaviour
- Adults may be responding to innate gender differences there already are
-Suggests SLT is only partially explanation how children accquire gender related behaviour

51
Q

Cultural differences

A

Mead investigated cultural groups in Papa New Guinea
-Arapesh gentle and responsive (femininity in industrialised scoieties)
-Mundugumor were agressive
-Tchambuli dominant, organised villlage life , Men passive

52
Q

Cultural similarities

A

Buss studied 37 countries in all countries - Men ought to be wealthy and resourceful
-Women ought to be young and attractive
-Munroe found that men are typically ‘breadwinners’ and women are ‘nurturers’

53
Q

Rigid stereotypes

A

Bandura - Men are advice givers and women are advice seekers
-Furnham - Men in professional autonomous state but women are in domestic settings

54
Q

Self efficacy

A

-Concept developed by Bandura : An individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviours to achieve specific goals
-Mitra studied
-Programme detective drama girls watched
-Those who watched it were more likely to see themselves as capable of working outside the home than those who didnt
-This suggests their self efficacy changed as a result of media influence

55
Q

Strengths for culture on gender roles

A

-Research support
-Hofstede argues that in industrialised cultures the changing status and increases women’s active role in the work place and away from domestic sphere
-Traditional societies women still occupy the role of house maker by social cultural and religious pressures
-Shows cultural roles determine gender roles

56
Q

Weakness for culture on gender roles

A

Mead’s research criticised
-Freeman conducted a follow up study of those in Papa New Guneau and found that her findings were flawed and was mislead by participants as her preconceptions of what she would find had influenced her reading of events
- Observer bias and ethnocentrism
-mead’s interpretations not objective

57
Q

Strength of media influence on gender roles

A

-Theoretical basis
-Cultivation theory suggests time in media world can influence the belief of a reflection of social realtity
- Bond and Dorgos found a posiitive correlation between time spent watching Jersey Shore and permissive attitudes towards casual sex while controlling sexual attitudes parental attitudes and religious beliefs

58
Q

Strength of media influence on gender roles

A

-Theoretical basis
-Cultivation theory suggests time in media world can influence the belief of a reflection of social realtity
- Bond and Dorgos found a posiitive correlation between time spent watching Jersey Shore and permissive attitudes towards casual sex while controlling sexual attitudes parental attitudes and religious beliefs

59
Q

Weakness of media influence on gender roles

A
  • Durkin argued there may not be a casual relationship
  • Argued even very young children are not passive and uncriticial recipients of media messages
    -Norms in child’s family determine child’s gender attitudes and behaviour
    -If media’s representations confirm existing gender norms as family then they are more likely to be reinforced by the child’s mind
    -If not then such representations are likely to be rejected
  • Suggests media is secondary to other influences such as family
60
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

Mismatch between biological sex and gender identity. Causes stress and a psychological disorder accoridng to DSM 5

61
Q

Biological explanations of gender dysphoria

A
  • DSM 5 is specific to interesex eg Klinefelter’s syndrome and CAH
  • Brain sex theory
  • Genetic factors
62
Q

Brain sex theory

A

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST)
- Involved in emotional responses and male sexual behaviour in rats
- Kruijver found area is larger in men and found to be female sized in transgender females
-Suggests people with gender dysphoria have a size of BST which they identify with their gender
- Zhou found that dimorphism in the BST fits the report of transgenders who feel they have felt from early childhood born in the wong sex
-Kuriver’s follow up study foudn that 6 transgender individuals showed an average BST neuron number in the female range

63
Q

Genetic factors (Biological explanations)

A

Coolidge assessed 157 twin pairs (MZ & DZ) and found evidence for gender dysphoria
- Researchers found that 62% of the variance could be accounted for by genetic factors
- Haylens compared 23 MZ twins and 21 DZ twins where one of each pair had gender dysphoria
- Found that nine (39%) of the MZ Twins were concordant for gender dysphoria compared to 0 of DZ twins

64
Q

Social explanations

A
  • Social constructionism
    -Psychoanalyic theory
65
Q

Social constructionism

A
  • Perspective that argues gender identity is not biological differences
    -Invented by societies
    -Confusion arises because society forces to pick between man or woman
  • Not a pathological condition but a social phenomenon
    -McClintock cites the case of individuals with a genetic condition (5 - alpha reuctase deficiency ) In Sambia
  • Causes biological males to be assigned as females at birth because of labia and clitoris
  • At puberty testes descend and clit turns into penis
  • Used to be accepted that there are men women and ‘kwolu - aatmwol’ ( Females then males)
    -Since culture has had contact with other cultures, they are now judged as having a pathalogical form of gender dysphoria
66
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Ovesey and Person emphasise social relationships within the family as the cause for gender dyspohoria
- In biological males it is caused by separation anxiety before gender identity
- Boy fantasises as symbiotic fusion with his mother to relieve anxiety and danger of separation is removed
- Then becomes mother and thus adopts a woman’s gender identity
- Research support by Stoller by interviews that GD biological males displayed overly close relationships with their mothers suggesting stronger female identification and thus conflicted gender identity in the long term

67
Q

Strength of Brain sex theory

A

-Evidence suggesting there may be other brain differences associated with GD
- Rametti studied another sexually dimorphic aspect of the brain ( White matter - deeper tissues of the brain
-Rametti analysed the brains of both male and female transgenders before they began hormone treatment
-In most cases the amount and distribution of white matter corresponded more closely to the gender they identified themselves with rather than biological sex
-This suggests that there are early differences in brains of transgenders

68
Q

Limitation of brain sex theory

A
  • Pol found contradictory evidence
    -Studied transgender’s individuals’ brains using MRI scans taken during hormone treatment
  • Showed the size of BST changed significantly over that period
  • Kruijver and Zhou examined the BST post morten and after they had hormone treatment
  • This suggests that differences in the BST may be because of hormone therapy, not gender dysphoria
69
Q

Social contructionism strength

A
  • Not all cultures have 2 genders
  • eg Fa’afafine of Samoa
    -Challenges traditional classifications of male and female
  • Increase of non binaries support idea that cultural understanding is only begining to ‘catch up’ with the lived experience of many
    -Suggests gender identity is only a social construct not a biological fact
70
Q

Psychoanalytic weakness

A
  • Issues
  • Ovesey and Person’s explanation is not adequate account for bio females only trans females
  • Rekers found gender dysphoria for bio males is more likely associated with absence of father not seperation anxiety
    -Suggests this theory does not provide comprehensive account for gender dysphoria

Psychology paper 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions