Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Dominance Model

A

The idea that gender differences in language reflect men’s dominance and women’s subordination

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2
Q

Jennifer Coates

A

Theorist who suggested all-female talk is essentially co-operative, with participants working to negotiate discussions and support each other’s rights as speakers. Studies used the difference approach. [1989]

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3
Q

Robin Lakoff (1975)

A

she wrote Language and the Women’s Place in which she discussed many features of females’ language e.g. hedge phrases, empty adjectives, tag questions
her overall idea was that women are weaker and so use less direct langauge

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4
Q

Deborah Tannen

A

Stated that the difference model sees women and men as belonging to sub-cultures who are socialised differently from childhood, which results in them having different problems when communicating in adulthood.

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5
Q

Deborah Cameron (1995)

A

Said that language can be affected by many factors other than gender: diversity model

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6
Q

Intensifiers/qualifiers

A

increase the intensity of the adjectives and other adverbs they modify (ex. awfully, extremely, kind of, more, most, pretty, quite, rather, really, somewhat, sort of, and too)

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7
Q

Imperatives (commands)

A

A verb or statement whose primary purpose is to give orders e.g “go”

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8
Q

Semantic derogation

A

Semantic shift that results in a word acquiring more negative associations or meanings e.g. mistress

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9
Q

Otto Jespersen

A

Said that women talk too much, have a smaller vocabulary than men, and that women use half-finished sentences because they speak before they have thought about what they will say

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10
Q

Gender

A

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

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11
Q

Coates

A

Theorist who suggested all-female talk is essentially co-operative, with participants working to negotiate discussions and support each other’s rights as speakers. Studies used the difference approach. Men’s talk is competitive and seeks status. Difference model.

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12
Q

Zimmerman and West (1975)

A

found 96% of interruptions were made by men, suggesting male dominance in conversation.

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13
Q

Deficit Model

A

Recognised that features of women’s language reflects women’s inferior social status, and the language that they use makes them seem weak.

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14
Q

Hedges

A

words and phrases which make statements sound more tentative

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15
Q

Hyper correct grammar and pronunciation

A

Being overly correct in what is being said to show overt prestige, often said to be used by women

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16
Q

Typical male language: difference model

A

Concerned with status and independence, giving direct orders, don’t mind conflict, interruptions, factual information.

17
Q

Typical female language: difference model

A

interested in forming relationships and bonds, polite, indirect orders, avoiding conflict, compromises and support.

18
Q

Difference Model

A

Tannen’s (1990) theory about gender and conversation which states that men and women have different objectives when they interact.

19
Q

Diversity Model

A

Takes into account other influences that may affect language choices such as audience, context and purpose of the conversation.

20
Q

Fillers

A

‘Um’, ‘Ah’, ‘Er’ - sounds for thinking time

21
Q

Overlapping

A

When people cut into conversations with no intention of dominance

22
Q

Indirect requests

A

An implied influence attempt that involves suggesting or hinting without ever making a direct request.

23
Q

Marked terms

A

Words that reveal a persons gender e.g policeman.

24
Q

Unmarked terms

A

Words that do not reveal a person’s gender e.g police officer

25
Q

Lexical asymmetry

A

Pairs of words which seem to be equal (eg sir/madam) often are not, with the female term having been degraded in some way.

26
Q

Fishman

A

Women do the ‘conversational shitwork’

27
Q

O’Barr and Atkins (1980) ‘Powerless Language’

A

Deficit - O’Barr and Atkins challenged Lakoff’s conclusion. Found context specific power was more important than gender.

28
Q

Tag questions

A

a question added onto the end of declarative statement