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Psychology of Sexuality > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What is being cisgender?

A

When sex is congruent with gender identity (ex: biological female identifies as female)

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2
Q

What is the difference between polarity and duality and give some examples?

A

Polarity: Separation, opposing ideas (black or white)
Duality: Integrating two ideas (grey)

Examples: veteran at a war protest, feminist wearing hijab…

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3
Q

What is gender role? (hint: coincides with gender typing)

A

Attitudes & behaviours considered appropriate for people of a particular sex

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4
Q

What is gender typing and give some examples?

A

Process by which children acquire behaviour that is deemed appropriate to their sex

Examples: crossing legs, playing with dolls, playing with cars…

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5
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex: Biological component (genitalia)
Gender: Psychological state of being male, female, or some other shade of the two (duality)

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6
Q

What is assigned sex?

A

Classification of anatomic sex assigned to an individual at birth (male, female, or intersex – when gonads do not match external genitalia)

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7
Q

What are gender non-conforming children and what atrocity did they undergo?

A

A child who’s gender does not match sex

They used to undergo conversion therapies (forced to be cis)

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8
Q

At what age is a child aware of their assigned sex and at what age do they acquire a firm sense of gender identity?

A

Awareness: 18 months

Firm sense of gender identity: 36 months (3 years old)

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9
Q

What happens during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy? (hint: develop along which line)

A

The embryonic structures of both sexes develop along the female line
SO, during the first 6 weeks, the zygote is female

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10
Q

What is gender binary and why is this an issue?

A

Social system that defines gender as either strictly male of female.
It is an issue because it does not accurately reflect the diverse range of gender identities that actually exist.

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11
Q

What happens at week 7 of the pregnancy? (hint: whole process – for males and females_

A

The sex chromosome asserts itself

XY: develop testes (start to produce testosterone – type of androgen)

  • presence of testosterone causes development of external male sex organs (penis, scrotum)
  • testosterone floods the brain, which causes it to be insensitive to estrogen (hypothalamus becomes insensitive)

XX: testes do not develop; ovaries form (estrogen is released)
- it is in the absence of testosterone that internal & external female genitalia is formed

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12
Q

What happens during MTF surgery (2) and why is it more successful?

A
  1. Penis & testicles are removed
  2. Penis tissue is transferred to artificial vagina

More successful: less risks, because tissue is transferred; nothing is formed (unlike artificial penis)

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13
Q

What is Turner Syndrome, what are its signs (6), what is the risk?

A 
Chromosomal abnormality (X - Abnormal -- Biological female)
- missing an X chromosome

Signs:

  1. Swollen hands & feet at birth
  2. Short neck
  3. Very small height
  4. Stand with palms out
  5. Do not hit puberty
  6. Don’t have a normal development of secondary sex characteristics

Risk: increased risk of learning disabilities, BUT not born with cognitive disabilities

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14
Q

What is sex-reassignment surgery and what are the two kinds?

A

Surgery aimed at possessing anatomic features of people of the opposite sex & living as a person of the other gender

Two kinds: MTF male to female) & FTM (female to male)

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15
Q

What is Klinefelter Syndrome, what are its signs (5), what is the risk?

A 
Chromosomal abnormality (XXY - Abnormal -- Biological male)
- an extra X chromosome

Signs:

  1. Quieter than average
  2. Delayed in their motor development (late to sit or to walk)
  3. Weaker than average
  4. Develop breast tissue
  5. Penis is abnormally small (micropenis)

Risk: cognitive delays (affects them intellectually – hormonal imbalance)

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16
Q

During sex-reassignment surgeries, do the chromosomes change? If not, what changes?

A

No, they remain XX or XY

ONLY THE GONADS (SEX ORGANS) CHANGE

17
Q

What are transgender persons?

A
  • People whose gender identity, expression, or behaviour is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth
  • basically, assigned sex is not congruent with gender identity
  • desire to be anatomically of opposite sex (do not necessarily do it)
  • usually show cross-gender preferences in play & dress during early childhood
18
Q

Who was David Reimer and what happened to him?

A

After a botched circumcision (severally injured penis), he underwent gender reassignment and was raised by a girl (upon advice from doctor/psychologist who wanted to test his study).

At 21 months, his testicles were removed and he was renamed “Brenda”

Despite multiple hormones and surgeries, “Brenda” never fit in as a girl
- married a woman, dealt with depression, and committed suicide at 38

19
Q

What is a hermaphrodite, what causes it, what is their assigned sex?

A

Individual that has gonads of each sex (born with ovarian AND testicular tissue)

Cause: Prenatal hormonal influence can produce various congenital outcomes

Assigned sex: depends on what is the most prevalent

20
Q

What happens during FTM surgery (3)?

A
  1. Hormone therapy (androgens are given)
    - voice deepens (phonosurgery), hair redistributes, muscles enlarge, fatty deposits reduced on breasts & hips, & clit grows more prominent
  2. Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, & fatty breast tissue are removed
  3. Phalloplasty is performed (formation of artificial penis)
    - costly & problematic because of complications with nerve endings
21
Q

What is “transitioning”, how long does it last, what do they do once it is over, and what are some examples?

*bonus question: why does the process take this long before the actual sex change?

A

They are activities that transgender persons do to begin living as the gender with which they identify

How long: 1 year with counseling

After 1 year: can start seriously discussing the sex change

Examples: hormones of opposite sex (hormone replacement therapy), clothes, name)

Bonus: Because the sex-reassignment surgery is IRREVERSIBLE

22
Q

What is CAH, what are the causes, and what are the results (4)?

A

Type of intersex person

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

  • genetic defect leading to excessive production of androgens
  • genetically female (XX) – internal female sex organs, BUT masculinized external genitals

Causes (CAH): high prenatal levels of androgens; women taking synthetic steroids can have similar CAH effects

Results:

  1. masculinization of the genitals (possibility of surgery)
  2. masculinization of the brain (more tomboyish, aggressive, & increased likelihood of masculinized gender identity
  3. start to look more female when they hit puberty
  4. affects fertility, but can still be fertile
23
Q

What is Gender Dysphoria?

A

A psychological disorder during which a person suffers from severe stress (from either external environment OR from within) when their biological sex does not match their gender.

24
Q

What is AIS, what are the causes, and what are the results (7)?

A

Type of intersex person

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

  • mutated gene that cause them to experience lower than normal prenatal sensitivity to androgens (correct amount of testosterone is present, but is not being absorbed)
  • body unable to detect & respond normally to androgens
  • genitals do not become masculinized
  • affects biological males (XY - testes)

Results:

  1. normal external female appearance
  2. feminized external genitalia (short, blind-ending vagina – shorter & just ends)
  3. typically, don’t hit puberty & don’t hit secondary sex characteristics (breasts, Adam’s apple, facial hair)
  4. absence of internal female genitalia (no fallopian tubes), uterus, or cervix
  5. male duct system not developed (undescended testes)
  6. puberty: normal female development
  7. female gender identity, heterosexual orientation (typically)
25
Q

What are intersex persons, and what is their assigned sex?

A
  • Unlike hermaphrodites, they are NOT born with both gonads
  • Individuals who’s gonads do not necessarily match their chromosomal sex
  • External genitals are ambiguous or of other genders (prenatal hormonal factors

Assigned sex: raised in conjunction with visible sex

26
Q

Why do transgender persons preferred to be called that instead of “transsexuals”?

A

It implies that something is “medically” wrong & is a medical condition

Psychology of Sexuality (2 decks)

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