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GRADE 12 - EXAM > GENBIO QUIZ > Flashcards

GENBIO QUIZ Flashcards

1
Q

Study of life and living organisms.
It is the study of everything that is or was once alive
Greek words bios (life) and logos (study).

A

Biology

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2
Q

Father of Biology
Father of Zoology
Ancient Greek Philosopher
Animal and Plantae were the first two kingdoms he classified.

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Architect of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
He mapped out the evolutionary path for all living things, revolutionizing our understanding of evolution.

A

Charles Darwin

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4
Q

Father of Microbiology
He started looking for cells in human tissue.
Discovery of protozoa (protist and bacteria)

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

such as viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa.

These tiny, primarily unicellular creatures are studied and manipulated using different techniques than most other biological studies.

A

Microbiology

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6
Q

first identified bacteria

A

animalcules

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7
Q

It is something that is only visible under a microscope. Protozoa, fungi, algae, and bacteria are examples of microorganisms.

A

Microorganism

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8
Q

Father of Cytology
Micrographia

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

was able to realize through his research that the nucleus of plant cells was essential for fertilization and subsequent embryonic development.

A

Robert Brown

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10
Q

the study of cells, including their composition, structure, roles, life cycle, and pathology of cells and diseases.

A

Cytology

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11
Q

He demonstrated how cell activity drives the growth of all vegetable tissues, highlighted that biological life is characterized by structures and physical traits rather than by processes.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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12
Q

He made a contribution to our knowledge of and classification of adult animal tissues.

A

Theodor Schwan

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13
Q

Contributed to the development of the idea of cellular pathology, which holds that all diseases are brought on by modifications of healthy cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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14
Q

(3) POSTULATES OF CELL THEORY

A

(1) all living organisms are composed of one or more cells;
(2) the cell is the basic unit of life in all living things
(3) all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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15
Q

Are the smallest living units of an organism
A mass of cytoplasm bound externally by a cell membrane
Give structure for the body, absorb nutrients from meals, transform them into energy, and perform specialized functions.

A

Cells

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16
Q

CELLS HAVE 3 THINGS IN COMMON:

A

(1) Cell Membrane
(2) Cytoplasm
(3) DNA

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17
Q

Separates the inside of the cell to its environment

A

Cell Membrane

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18
Q

Jelly like substance/fluid

A

Cytoplasm

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19
Q

The genetic material of the cell

A

DNA

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20
Q

Simplest and most ancient cells

Smaller than the eukaryotic cells

Has a simpler structure
The inside of the cell is open with no compartments

No membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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21
Q

CELLS HAVE 2 BROAD CATEGORIES

A

(1) Prokaryotic Cells
(2) Eukaryotic Cell

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22
Q

Larger and complex cells

Single celled or multicellular

Evolved from Prokaryotic cells

Contains nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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23
Q

Little organ

Are specialized parts of the cell that have different functions to perform

A

Organelles

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24
Q

Control center of the cell

Contains the DNA or the genetic material

DNA dictates what the cell is going to do / how to do it

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

Tangled and spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane

A

Chromatin

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26
Q

When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into a structure known as

A

Chromosomes

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27
Q

Jelly like substance

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

It is inside the nucleus

It a structure where ribosomes are made

A

Nucleolus

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28
Q

A membrane-enclosed passageway for transporting materials such as proteins synthesized by ribosomes

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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29
Q

(2) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

Has ribosomes attached to it

Bounded by ribosomes and proteins

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)

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31
Q

Doesn’t have ribosomes attached to it

It produces lipids, including phospholipids found in plasma membranes, and steroids.

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)

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32
Q

Small cellular containers

A tiny sac made of membrane and filled with liquid.
They can be utilized to transport chemicals, secrete compounds, digest materials, and regulate cellular pressure.

A

VESICLE

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33
Q

Creation of lysosomes

Transports lipids around the cells

It transfers proteins between different sections of the cell.

It breaks down proteins into small, active bits.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS / GOLGI BODY

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33
Q

the membrane that wraps around the big vacuole in a mature plant cell.

It is also known as the vacuolar membrane.

A

TONOPLAST

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34
Q

Are sac-like structures that store different materials

A

VACUOLES

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35
Q

Are known as the garbage collectors

Take in the damaged cells or worn out cell parts

Break down unwanted macromolecules

A

LYSOSOMES

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36
Q

It is the fluid found within the enormous sap vacuoles of plant cells.

It consists primarily of water, salts, carbohydrates, and amino acids.

A

CELL SAP

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37
Q

Is the powerhouse of the cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

38
Q

Is the one responsible for maintaining its shape

A

CYTOSKELETON

39
Q

It also includes a thread like microfilaments which are made of protein

Are the smallest cytoskeletal component and are easily modified.

A

MICROFILAMENTS

40
Q

Are medium-sized fibers that are not remodeled.

They aid in the stabilization of organelles such as the nucleus, as well as the attachment of cells to one another and to the substrate.

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

40
Q

Most of the plants are green because it has green pigment called

A

chlorophyll

41
Q

Is where photosynthesis happen

A

CHLOROPLAST

41
Q

Are made up of thin hollow tubes

Provide structures for cilia and flagella.

A

MICROTUBULES

42
Q

is the major component found in plant cell walls, which helps plants stay rigid and upright.

A

CELLULOSE

42
Q

Located outside the cell membrane
Shapes, supports, and protects the plant cell

A

CELL WALL

43
Q

Whip like structure
Is like a little tail that can help a cell move or propel itself.

A

FLAGELLA

43
Q

is the only human cell that has a flagellum

A

Sperm cell

43
Q

Microscopic hair-like projection
moves in wave

A

CILLIA

44
Q

Plant and animal cells with nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

45
Q

Unicellular organisms without a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

46
Q

A cell spends the majority of its time

It is where cell develops, duplicates its chromosomes, and gets ready for cell division.

A

INTERPHASE

47
Q

First phase of Mitosis

The process of dividing the duplicated genetic material carried in a parent cell’s nucleus into two identical daughter cells.

A

PROPHASE

48
Q

Center of the chromosomes that attaches the sister chromatids together

A

CENTROMERE

49
Q

is distinguished by the arrangement of duplicated chromosomes on the equatorial plate known as the metaphase plate.

A

METAPHASE

50
Q

Chromosomes are reproduced and separated into daughter chromosomes placed at opposite ends of the cell.

At this stage, the chromosomes have reached their maximum amount of condensation, allowing for simple segregation and nucleus formation.

A

ANAPHASE

51
Q

Is the division of the cytoplasm, where the cell divided producing two new cells.

A

CYTOKINESIS

52
Q

The process of dividing the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

A

TELOPHASE

53
Q

Programmed cell death
Can occur to avoid severe problems or threats to the cell or the organism in general

A

APOPTOSIS

54
Q

Are transformed cell division by overriding the checkpoints during cell division.

A

CANCER CELLS

55
Q

Is a disorder that occurs when a cell has an incorrect number or set of chromosomes

A

ANEUPLOIDY

56
Q

Is the failure of the paired chromosomes to separate

A

NONDISJUNCTION

57
Q

How many Chromosomes or pair

A

46 and 23 pairs

58
Q

The first 22 pairs are called

A

autosomes

59
Q

These are inherited from parents, like color blindness.

They are present in almost all the cells (including the germ cells or the reproductive cells) in bodies because they are inherited.

A

HEREDITARY / GERMLINE MUTATION

60
Q

These occur usually because of lifestyle or environmental factors like exposure to chemicals or diseases.

These can also occur due to errors during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells are inherited

A

ACQUIRED / SOMATIC MUTATION

61
Q

changes in the chromosome structure

A

CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION

62
Q

an extra copy or a gene is repeated.

A

DUPLICATION

63
Q

where there is an extra chromosome 12

A

Pallister Killian Syndrome

64
Q

a segment is broken off and inverted.

A

INVERSION

65
Q

a genetic disorder in which the blood does not clot properly, is caused by an inversion in the X chromosome

A

Hemophilia A

66
Q

a segment is lost.

A

DELETION

67
Q

where a part of chromosome 5p is deleted. And one of the rare genetic disorder.

A

Cri-du-chat

68
Q

extra pair are inserted into a new place.

A

INSERTION

69
Q

part of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome.

A

TRANSLOCATION

70
Q

caused by mutations in one or more genes.

A

Genetic disorders

71
Q

a disease caused by mutation in a single gene that causes the body to produce thick mucus that affects the lungs and digestive system.

A

cystic fibrosis

72
Q

cancer cells are cell that grew out of control, forming tumors that destroy healthy cells around the tumor.

A

Diseases like cancer

73
Q

an also cause an excess of abnormal cells in the blood, like in leukemia, where there are high numbers of abnormal

A

Cancer cells

74
Q

is an image of the full set of chromosomes of an individual that displays the normal number, size, and shape.

A

karyotype

75
Q

, a condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing.

A

TURNER’S SYNDROME

75
Q

is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).

A

DOWN SYNDROME

75
Q

is the second most common trisomy after Down Syndrome.
It is the trisomy of chromosome 18
99% of babies die

A

EDWARDS SYNDROME

75
Q

Men with this condition are usually sterile and tend to have longer arms and legs and to be taller than their peers.

A

KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME

76
Q

It is a fluid in structure with embedded or attached proteins and some carbohydrates that give it a “mosaic” feature.

A

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

77
Q

is called terminal 11q deletion disorder.

This is a very rare disorder.

Those affected have normal intelligence or mild retardation, with poor or excessive language skills.

A

JACOBSEN SYNDROME

78
Q

involves the movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration with the use of energy.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

78
Q

Moves the substances against the concentration gradient.

Low concentration to high concentration

A

Membrane Pumps

79
Q

Allows the cell to move larger object into the cell by engulfing the object with vesicle.

A

Endocytosis

79
Q

Happens when a cell expels an object out of the cell
Objects in a cell is cased in a vesicle which is then expelled

A

Exocytosis

80
Q

Occurs when particles move from one area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Is an example of Passive transport because is not a requirement during the process.

A

DIFFUSION

81
Q

involves the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration and no amount of energy is required.

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

82
Q

Is a type of passive transport that relies on carrier proteins in order for the substances to move down their concentration gradient.

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

83
Q

Is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of relatively low concentration of water.

A

OSMOSIS

GRADE 12 - EXAM (2 decks)

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