GENBIO QUIZ Flashcards
Study of life and living organisms.
It is the study of everything that is or was once alive
Greek words bios (life) and logos (study).
Biology
Father of Biology
Father of Zoology
Ancient Greek Philosopher
Animal and Plantae were the first two kingdoms he classified.
Aristotle
Architect of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
He mapped out the evolutionary path for all living things, revolutionizing our understanding of evolution.
Charles Darwin
Father of Microbiology
He started looking for cells in human tissue.
Discovery of protozoa (protist and bacteria)
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
such as viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa.
These tiny, primarily unicellular creatures are studied and manipulated using different techniques than most other biological studies.
Microbiology
first identified bacteria
animalcules
It is something that is only visible under a microscope. Protozoa, fungi, algae, and bacteria are examples of microorganisms.
Microorganism
Father of Cytology
Micrographia
Robert Hooke
was able to realize through his research that the nucleus of plant cells was essential for fertilization and subsequent embryonic development.
Robert Brown
the study of cells, including their composition, structure, roles, life cycle, and pathology of cells and diseases.
Cytology
He demonstrated how cell activity drives the growth of all vegetable tissues, highlighted that biological life is characterized by structures and physical traits rather than by processes.
Matthias Schleiden
He made a contribution to our knowledge of and classification of adult animal tissues.
Theodor Schwan
Contributed to the development of the idea of cellular pathology, which holds that all diseases are brought on by modifications of healthy cells.
Rudolf Virchow
(3) POSTULATES OF CELL THEORY
(1) all living organisms are composed of one or more cells;
(2) the cell is the basic unit of life in all living things
(3) all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Are the smallest living units of an organism
A mass of cytoplasm bound externally by a cell membrane
Give structure for the body, absorb nutrients from meals, transform them into energy, and perform specialized functions.
Cells
CELLS HAVE 3 THINGS IN COMMON:
(1) Cell Membrane
(2) Cytoplasm
(3) DNA
Separates the inside of the cell to its environment
Cell Membrane
Jelly like substance/fluid
Cytoplasm
The genetic material of the cell
DNA
Simplest and most ancient cells
Smaller than the eukaryotic cells
Has a simpler structure
The inside of the cell is open with no compartments
No membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic Cells
CELLS HAVE 2 BROAD CATEGORIES
(1) Prokaryotic Cells
(2) Eukaryotic Cell
Larger and complex cells
Single celled or multicellular
Evolved from Prokaryotic cells
Contains nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
Little organ
Are specialized parts of the cell that have different functions to perform
Organelles
Control center of the cell
Contains the DNA or the genetic material
DNA dictates what the cell is going to do / how to do it
Nucleus
Tangled and spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane
Chromatin
When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into a structure known as
Chromosomes
Jelly like substance
Cytoplasm
It is inside the nucleus
It a structure where ribosomes are made
Nucleolus
A membrane-enclosed passageway for transporting materials such as proteins synthesized by ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(2) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes attached to it
Bounded by ribosomes and proteins
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
Doesn’t have ribosomes attached to it
It produces lipids, including phospholipids found in plasma membranes, and steroids.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
Small cellular containers
A tiny sac made of membrane and filled with liquid.
They can be utilized to transport chemicals, secrete compounds, digest materials, and regulate cellular pressure.
VESICLE
Creation of lysosomes
Transports lipids around the cells
It transfers proteins between different sections of the cell.
It breaks down proteins into small, active bits.
GOLGI APPARATUS / GOLGI BODY
the membrane that wraps around the big vacuole in a mature plant cell.
It is also known as the vacuolar membrane.
TONOPLAST
Are sac-like structures that store different materials
VACUOLES
Are known as the garbage collectors
Take in the damaged cells or worn out cell parts
Break down unwanted macromolecules
LYSOSOMES
It is the fluid found within the enormous sap vacuoles of plant cells.
It consists primarily of water, salts, carbohydrates, and amino acids.
CELL SAP
Is the powerhouse of the cell
MITOCHONDRIA
Is the one responsible for maintaining its shape
CYTOSKELETON
It also includes a thread like microfilaments which are made of protein
Are the smallest cytoskeletal component and are easily modified.
MICROFILAMENTS
Are medium-sized fibers that are not remodeled.
They aid in the stabilization of organelles such as the nucleus, as well as the attachment of cells to one another and to the substrate.
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Most of the plants are green because it has green pigment called
chlorophyll
Is where photosynthesis happen
CHLOROPLAST
Are made up of thin hollow tubes
Provide structures for cilia and flagella.
MICROTUBULES
is the major component found in plant cell walls, which helps plants stay rigid and upright.
CELLULOSE
Located outside the cell membrane
Shapes, supports, and protects the plant cell
CELL WALL
Whip like structure
Is like a little tail that can help a cell move or propel itself.
FLAGELLA
is the only human cell that has a flagellum
Sperm cell
Microscopic hair-like projection
moves in wave
CILLIA
Plant and animal cells with nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Unicellular organisms without a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
A cell spends the majority of its time
It is where cell develops, duplicates its chromosomes, and gets ready for cell division.
INTERPHASE
First phase of Mitosis
The process of dividing the duplicated genetic material carried in a parent cell’s nucleus into two identical daughter cells.
PROPHASE
Center of the chromosomes that attaches the sister chromatids together
CENTROMERE
is distinguished by the arrangement of duplicated chromosomes on the equatorial plate known as the metaphase plate.
METAPHASE
Chromosomes are reproduced and separated into daughter chromosomes placed at opposite ends of the cell.
At this stage, the chromosomes have reached their maximum amount of condensation, allowing for simple segregation and nucleus formation.
ANAPHASE
Is the division of the cytoplasm, where the cell divided producing two new cells.
CYTOKINESIS
The process of dividing the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
TELOPHASE
Programmed cell death
Can occur to avoid severe problems or threats to the cell or the organism in general
APOPTOSIS
Are transformed cell division by overriding the checkpoints during cell division.
CANCER CELLS
Is a disorder that occurs when a cell has an incorrect number or set of chromosomes
ANEUPLOIDY
Is the failure of the paired chromosomes to separate
NONDISJUNCTION
How many Chromosomes or pair
46 and 23 pairs
The first 22 pairs are called
autosomes
These are inherited from parents, like color blindness.
They are present in almost all the cells (including the germ cells or the reproductive cells) in bodies because they are inherited.
HEREDITARY / GERMLINE MUTATION
These occur usually because of lifestyle or environmental factors like exposure to chemicals or diseases.
These can also occur due to errors during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells are inherited
ACQUIRED / SOMATIC MUTATION
changes in the chromosome structure
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
an extra copy or a gene is repeated.
DUPLICATION
where there is an extra chromosome 12
Pallister Killian Syndrome
a segment is broken off and inverted.
INVERSION
a genetic disorder in which the blood does not clot properly, is caused by an inversion in the X chromosome
Hemophilia A
a segment is lost.
DELETION
where a part of chromosome 5p is deleted. And one of the rare genetic disorder.
Cri-du-chat
extra pair are inserted into a new place.
INSERTION
part of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome.
TRANSLOCATION
caused by mutations in one or more genes.
Genetic disorders
a disease caused by mutation in a single gene that causes the body to produce thick mucus that affects the lungs and digestive system.
cystic fibrosis
cancer cells are cell that grew out of control, forming tumors that destroy healthy cells around the tumor.
Diseases like cancer
an also cause an excess of abnormal cells in the blood, like in leukemia, where there are high numbers of abnormal
Cancer cells
is an image of the full set of chromosomes of an individual that displays the normal number, size, and shape.
karyotype
, a condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing.
TURNER’S SYNDROME
is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
DOWN SYNDROME
is the second most common trisomy after Down Syndrome.
It is the trisomy of chromosome 18
99% of babies die
EDWARDS SYNDROME
Men with this condition are usually sterile and tend to have longer arms and legs and to be taller than their peers.
KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME
It is a fluid in structure with embedded or attached proteins and some carbohydrates that give it a “mosaic” feature.
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
is called terminal 11q deletion disorder.
This is a very rare disorder.
Those affected have normal intelligence or mild retardation, with poor or excessive language skills.
JACOBSEN SYNDROME
involves the movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration with the use of energy.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Moves the substances against the concentration gradient.
Low concentration to high concentration
Membrane Pumps
Allows the cell to move larger object into the cell by engulfing the object with vesicle.
Endocytosis
Happens when a cell expels an object out of the cell
Objects in a cell is cased in a vesicle which is then expelled
Exocytosis
Occurs when particles move from one area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Is an example of Passive transport because is not a requirement during the process.
DIFFUSION
involves the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration and no amount of energy is required.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Is a type of passive transport that relies on carrier proteins in order for the substances to move down their concentration gradient.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of relatively low concentration of water.
OSMOSIS
