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gen path final > gen path final pt2 > Flashcards

gen path final pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
category
etiology
demographics

A

CATEGORY
* Injury
ETIOLOGY
* “Hardening of the arteries”
* Arterial wall thickening
* Loss of elasticity
DEMOGRAPHICS
* Virtually ubiquitous in developed nation

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2
Q

arteriosclerosis
clinical presentation
diagnose
treatment

A

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
* Generally asymptomatic
DIAGNOSIS
* Imaging
TREATMENT
* Dependent on cause
* Atherosclerosis is most common cause

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3
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
category
etiology
demographics

A

CATEGORY
* Injury
ETIOLOGY
* Atheromatous plaques on vessel walls impinge on lumen
* Necrotic lipid core (cholesterol)
* Can calcify
DEMOGRAPHICS
* Virtually ubiquitous in developed nations
* Risk factors:
* Genetic abnormalities
* Family history
* Increasing age
* Male gender
* Hyperlipidemia
* Hypertension
* Cigarette smoking
* Diabetes
* Inflammatio

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4
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
clinical presentation
diagnose
treatment

A

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
* Generally asymptomatic
DIAGNOSIS
* Coronary calcium scan
* Other imaging
* Often a presumed diagnosis
TREATMENT
* Tackle the modifiable risk factors
* Reduce cholesterol in diet
* Increase omega-3 fatty acid intake
* Exercise
* Statins and other cholesterol-lowering medications
* Treat hypertension if present
* Smoking cessation
* Treat diabetes if presen

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5
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS - PATHOGENESIS

A
  • Chronic damage to endothelium
  • Increased permeability
  • Lipids can leak into intima
  • Inflammatory response makes
    damaged endothelium “sticky”
  • Leukocyte and monocyte adhesion
  • Macrophages ingest lipids, creating
    foam cells
  • Smooth muscle proliferation
  • Collagen and ECM deposition
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6
Q

Sequelae of atherosclerosis are most common cause of death in the US
t/f

A

TRUE

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7
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS – POSSIBLE SEQUELAE

A
  • Stenosis
  • Occlusion of the vessel
  • Can cause ischemia
  • Angina (coronary arteries)
  • Ischemic bowel disease
  • Plaque rupture or erosion
  • Cause thrombosis
  • Myocardial infarction (coronary arteries)
  • Stroke (cerebral artery)
  • Weaken medial wall
  • Can cause aneurysm
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8
Q

What is the primary component of atherosclerotic
plaques?

A

Lipid-laden macrophages
(foam cells)

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9
Q

THROMBOSIS
category
etiology
demographics

A

CATEGORY
* Injury
ETIOLOGY
* Complete or partial obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot
* Virchow’s triad
* Endothelial injury
* Stasis or turbulent blood flow
* Hypercoagulability
DEMOGRAPHICS
* More common in older adults
* Risk factors
* Atherosclerosis
* Immobility

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10
Q

THROMBOSIS
clinical presentation
diagnose
treatment

A

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
* Arterial thrombosis
* Ischemia and infarction of tissue downstream
* Myocardial infarction (heart), stroke (brain), peripheral artery
disease (limbs)
* Venous thrombosis
* Pain, swelling, and redness of affected limb (deep vein
thrombosis)
* Risk of pulmonary embolism
DIAGNOSIS
* Imaging (ultrasound, CT, or MRI angiograph)
TREATMENT
* Anticoagulation therapy
* Thrombolytic therapy
* Surgical intervention
* Risk factor modification
* Smoking cessation
* Hypertension management
* Hyperlipidemia management

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11
Q

HYPERLIPIDEMIA.
category
etiology
demographics

A

CATEGORY
* Metabolic
ETIOLOGY
* Elevated levels of lipids in the blood
* Primary (genetic)
* Secondary (diabetes, obesity, lifestyle factors)
DEMOGRAPHICS
* Common in adults
* More prevalent with:
* Increasing age
* Poor dietary habits
* Lack of physical activity

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12
Q

HYPERLIPIDEMIA
clinical presentation
diagnose
treatment

A

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
* Often asymptomatic
* Heart attack, stroke
* Xanthelasma can be a clinical sign
DIAGNOSIS
* Lipid panel
* Total cholesterol
* Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) “bad”
* High-density lipoprotein (HDL) “good”
* Triglycerides
TREATMENT
* Lipid-lowering medications (statins)
* Lifestyle modifications
* Reduced intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol
* Increased intake of fiber and omega-3 fatty acid

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13
Q
A

HYPERLIPIDEMIA

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14
Q

Which of the following is considered “bad
cholesterol” and is associated with an increased risk
of atherosclerosis?

A

LDL

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15
Q

AORTIC DISSECTION
category
etiology
demographics

A

CATEGORY
* Injury
ETIOLOGY
* Tear in intimal layer of aorta
* Blood flows between layers of vessel wall
DEMOGRAPHICS
* More common in males from 40-60 years of age
* Young patients with connective tissue abnormalities (Marfan
syndrome)
* Risk factors
* Hypertension
* Smoking
* Marfan syndrome

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16
Q

AORTIC DISSECTION
clinical presentation
diagnose
treatment

A

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
* Sudden onset severe chest pain
* May radiate to back
DIAGNOSIS
* CT angiography
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
* Rapid blood pressure control
* Surgical repair
* 65-85% success rate

17
Q

ANEURYSM
category
etiology
demographics
clinical presentation
diagnose
treatment

A

CATEGORY
* Developmental or injury
ETIOLOGY
* Dilation of blood vessels or the heart
* Occur when structural integrity of arterial media is
compromised
DEMOGRAPHICS
* Inadequate connective tissue synthesis
* Genetic conditions
* Excessive connective tissue degradation
* Increased MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques
* Loss of smooth muscle cells or change in phenotype
* Atherosclerosis
* Hypertension
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
* Dependent on location
DIAGNOSIS
* Dependent on location
TREATMENT
* Dependent on location

18
Q

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
category
etiology
demographics

A

CATEGORY
* Injury or developmental
ETIOLOGY
* Localized dilation of abdominal aorta
* Most often due to atherosclerosis
* Less common causes include genetic conditions, infection,
and trauma
DEMOGRAPHICS
* Older men (over 50)
* Risk factors
* Smoking
* Atherosclerosis
* Hypertension

19
Q

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
clinical presentation
diagnose
treatment

A

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
* Often asymptomatic until rupture
* Sudden, severe pain indicates rupture
(emergency)
DIAGNOSIS
* Abdominal ultrasound
* CT
TREATMENT
* Monitoring
* Surgical repair sometimes indicated
* When large or symptomatic

CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES
* Obstruction of a branch of the aorta
* Ischemia of subsequent tissue
* Embolism
* Impingement on adjacent structure
* Vertebrae, ureter, etc.
* Abdominal mass
* May palpably pulsate
* Rupture
* Leading to massive (often fatal) hemorrhage

20
Q

What is the most common cause of abdominal
aortic aneurysm?

A

Atherosclerosis

gen path final (2 decks)

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