gen bio(t) ka Flashcards
main obj: maging bayot
This process involves cutting DNA sequences and pasting them
on a new sequence to create an organism with a specific set of hand-picked
traits.
genetic engineering
genetic engineering is also known as?
DNA technology
One remarkable breakthrough of DNA technology
genetically engineered bacteria
simple organisms that are easy to reproduce and have a simple mechanism of gene transfer.
bacteria
three modes of gene transfer between bacteria
transduction, transformation, conjugation
which is transferred via a virus
transduction
uptake of DNA from the surrounding fluid
transformation
bacterial version of mating
conjugation
The ability of bacterial cells to carry out conjugation is usually due to a specific piece of DNA called?
plasmid
a circular DNA molecule smaller than and separate from the bacterial chromosomes.
- can carry virtually any gene and replicate in bacteria
- main tools for DNA technology.
plasmid
first step on how to use plasmid to give bacteria its useful potential
isolate the plasmid from a bacterium
second step on how to use plasmid to give bacteria its useful potential
DNA carrying a gene of interest is obtained from another cell.
third step on how to use plasmid to give bacteria its useful potential
a piece of DNA containing the gene is inserted into a plasmid, producing recombinant DNA
fourth step on how to use plasmid to give bacteria its useful potential
bacterial cell takes up the plasmid transformation
last step on how to use plasmid to give bacteria its useful potential
genetically engineered, recombinant bacterium is then cloned to generate to make more copies of the gene.
The cutting tools for making recombinant DNA is a bacterial enzyme
restriction enzyme
a process wherein restriction enzymes work by cutting the foreign DNA to restrict it from surviving in the cell
restriction
Most restriction enzymes recognize ____________ in DNA molecules and cut at specific areas within the recognition site.
short nucleotide sequences
Bacterial restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called?
restriction site
a result of restriction enzyme making many cuts
restriction fragments
restriction enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way, producing fragments with _______ that bonds complementary to other fragments
sticky ends
enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments
DNA ligase
best candidate for manufacturing a protein product
bacteria
major advantages of bacteria that are used as gene cloning vectors and the fact that bacteria can be grown rapidly and cheaply in large tanks
plasmid and phages
most frequently used host for production of enzymes and other proteins by recombinant DNA technology
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
simplest and the most recommended among the eukaryotic cells
Saccharomycetes cerevisiae (yeast)
these cells normally secrete glycoprotein with chains of sugar attached
mammalian cells
recombinant DNA established its influence in different fields of medicine such as?
therapeutic hormones, diagnosis
and treatment of disease, the development of vaccines.
the first pharmaceutical products made using recombinant DNA technology.
insulin and growth hormone (GH)
main source of insulin before 1982, obtained from the slaughterhouse
pigs and cattles’ tissues
true or false? Insulin extracted from the animals are chemically
similar but not identical
to human insulin
TRUE
DNA test utilizes _______ to identify the presence of HIV hereditary material.
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
its main purpose is to optimize the production of yielded crops attained through the practice of synthetic chemicals
conventional agriculture
made by humans, resorting to other known methods aside from the natural way
synthetic chemicals
if a crop achieved its desired trait, characteristic, and physical appearance and if any synthetic chemicals are evident
conventional type
example of synthetic chemicals used in crops
pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.
use of plants crossing together, which is mainly compromised with the needed or the wanted characteristics; the selection of the offspring is built up from the combination of certain traits and properties.
conventional breeding
also referred to as conventional breeding
hybridization
age of earth
4.5 billion years (4.6 BYA sa mod)
what is the basis of the evidence for the Earth’s age?
radiometric dating of meteorite material together with other
substrate material from Earth
earliest direct evidence of the
emergence of life on Earth dates back at?
3.5 BYA
what was the earliest direct evidence of the emergence of life on Earth?
prokaryotic cells
first appearance of eukaryotic cells dates back at?
1.8 BYA
compartment where replication of the primitive genetic material took place and where primitive catalysts gave rise to products that accumulated locally for the benefit of the replicating cellular entity.
protocell
they independently hypothesized that Earth’s early atmosphere was a reducing environment, which means an oxygen-poor atmosphere in which molecules tend to donate electrons; their hypothesis states that: life on Earth could have arisen step-by-step from nonliving matter through a process of “gradual chemical evolution.”
Alexander I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane
Haldane suggested that the oceans are where life arose, he called oceans as?
primordial soup
Oparin-Haldane hypothesis was tested in 1953 by?
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
this experiment provided the first evidence that organic molecules needed for life could be formed from inorganic components.
Miller-Urey experiment
fluid-filled compartments enclosed by a membrane-like structure
vesicles
first genetic material
RNA
RNA catalysts
ribozymes
major constituent of the fossil record of the first forms of life on earth; layered rocks that were formed from certain activities of certain prokaryotes
stromatolites
true or false: fossils of prokaryotic cells were discovered to be as old as stromatolites
true
main photosynthetic organism for a billion of years and remain one of the most important organisms today; they alsocontributed in the release of oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere.
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Earth’s sole inhabitants from approximately 3.5 billion years to about 2.1 BYA
early prokaryotes
theorizes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly individual prokaryotes that began living within the larger cells.
endosymbiotic theory
refers to cells that lives within another cell, the host cell (heterotroph), sustaining itself through phagocytosis.
endosymbiont
In the Miller-Urey experiment, which best describes the result that they have found?
a variety of amino acids were found in the apparatus
Which pieces of evidence greatly support the self-replicating RNA hypothesis?
RNA is able to encode genetic information and carry out catalytic activities
It is a 4.5 billion years old rock that fell to Australia in 1969.
Murchison meteorite
soft mineral clay produced by the weathering of the volcanic ash that might’ve increased self-assembly of the vesicles.
montmorillonite
Earth is thought to have had a reducing atmosphere, what does it mean?
an oxygen-poor atmosphere in which molecules tend to donate electrons
When did the massive bombardment on earth ended?
4 BYA
eons in order
hadean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic
states that all living organisms have a common ancestor, but because of millions of years of evolution, each of the organisms became what they are today
theory of evolution
acts to encourage traits and behaviors that increase the likelihood of an organism’s chance for survival and reproduction, while eradicating those traits and behaviors that are disadvantageous to the organism
natural selection
small scale evolution; the over time change in population
microevolution
processes that gave rise to new species and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent characters
macroevolution
The branch of biology dealing with the processes that change the genetic composition of populations through time.
population genetics
rate at which a specific allele appears within a population.
allele frequency
Entire collection of all the alleles in a population; consists of all genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in a population
gene pool
Changes in allele frequencies due to chance alone
reduce the amount of genetic diversity in a population
genetic drift
term called for the event that initiates a change in allele frequency in a population that is not typical of the original population.
founder effect
states that the allele and genotypic frequency of a population will remain constant from generation to generation, unless there’s a presence of disturbing factors.
Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium
who theorized the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium
Godfrey Hardy and physician Wilhelm Weinberg (1908)
frequencies of the resulting genotypes are known as
genetic structure
A population’s individuals often display different phenotypes, or express different alleles of a particular gene, which we refer as
polymorphism
a population with two or more variations of a particular characteristic
polymorphic
the fraction of phenotype variation that we can attribute to genetic differences, or genetic variance, among individuals in a population, with it being greater in number in a population, there will be more chance for evolution.
heritability
diversity of alleles in a population. It is important to maintain this genetic variance in a population.
genetic variance
driving selective force, were the only one acting on the population.
selection pressure
flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes
gene flow
