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4th Q > Gen Bio > Flashcards

Gen Bio Flashcards

1
Q

acquire oxygen and release carbon dioxide and is mostly associated with the
circulatory system

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

Respiration of Fishes

A

gills

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3
Q

During inhalation, the mouth of the fish __ and the gills are __

A

opens;closed

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4
Q

During exhalation,
the mouth of the fish is __ and the gills are __.

A

close;open

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5
Q

Respiration of Annelids like earthworms

A

through skin

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6
Q

Respiration of Vertebrates

A

lungs/alveoli

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7
Q

Respiration of Insects

A

tracheal system (independent of the animals’ open circulatory system)

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8
Q

Route of air through the respiratory system

A

nose → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

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9
Q

A chronic inflammatory disease that causes breathing problems due to narrowed airways from
inflammation or mucus blockage.

A

Asthma

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10
Q

sacs (alveoli) lose elasticity and become damaged, reducing the lung’s ability to transfer oxygen
to the blood.

A

Emphysema

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11
Q

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spreads through airborne germs from person to person.

A

Tuberculosis

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12
Q

Gas exchange in plants can occur in __, __, and primarily in ___

A

roots, stems, and primarily in leaves.

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13
Q

tiny pores in plant tissue that open and close to enable gas exchange which helps in
photosynthesis

A

Stomata

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14
Q

control the opening and closing of the
stomata

A

pair of guard cells

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15
Q

When the stomata are open, the guard cells are __ and when it is closed, the guard cells are
__

A

swollen;shrunken

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16
Q

manipulates turgor pressure

A

abscisic acid (ABA)

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17
Q

carries water and nutrients

A

Xylem

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18
Q

carries food and other organic substances ( e.g. hormones and mRNA)

A

Phloem

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19
Q

the host’s first line of defense and is intended to prevent infection and attack the invading
pathogens.

A

Innate immunity

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20
Q

examples of Innate immunity

A

Neutrophils, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells, Natural Killer Cells

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21
Q

involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and
are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new
immune response.

A

Adaptive immunity

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22
Q

examples of Adaptive immunity

A

B cells and T cells

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23
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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24
Q

cranial nerves and spinal nerves that carry information in and out of the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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25
Q

conveys impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body

A

Sensory (afferent)

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26
Q

carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands. These impulses activate muscles and glands.

A

Motor (efferent)

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27
Q

allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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28
Q

regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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29
Q

responds to stress and is responsible for the increase of your heartbeat and blood pressure, among other physiological changes, along with the sense of excitement you may feel due to the increase of adrenaline in your system.

A

Sympathetic

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30
Q

is evident when you rest or feel relaxed and is responsible for such things as the constriction of the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation of the digestive and urinary systems.

A

Parasympathetic

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31
Q

It receives information from our senses and controls our thoughts and movements

A

Brain

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32
Q

Thalamus, Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon/interbrain

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33
Q
  • relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex.
  • All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your ___ before being sent to your brain’s cerebral cortex for interpretation.
  • plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.
A
  • Thalamus
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34
Q
  • important autonomic nervous system center because it plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism.
  • also the center for many drives and emotions For example, thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure centers.
A
  • Hypothalamus
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35
Q

Midbrain, Medulla Oblongata, Pons

A

Brain Stem

36
Q
  • relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing.
  • plays an important role in motor movement, pain, and the sleep/wake cycle.
A
  • Midbrain
37
Q
  • Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting, among others.
A
  • Medulla Oblongata
38
Q
  • have important nuclei involved in the control of breathing.
A
  • Pons
39
Q
  • provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium.
A

Cerebellum

40
Q

If the cerebellum is damaged (for example, by a blow to the head, a tumor, or a stroke), movements become clumsy and disorganized—a condition called _____.

A

ataxia

41
Q
  • Cerebral Cortex
A

Cerebrum

42
Q

Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement.

A
  • Cerebral Cortex
43
Q
  • Four regions of the cortex
A

Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

44
Q

personality and emotions, higher thinking skills, like problem solving; and controlling movement. It continues to develop until you are in your mid 20s.

A

FRONTAL LOBE

45
Q

helps process your hearing and other senses, and helps with language and reading.

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

46
Q

involved with your senses, attention, and language.

A

PARIETAL LOBE

47
Q

helps your eyes see, including recognition of shapes and colors

A

OCCIPITAL LOBE

48
Q
  • controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
A

Left Hemisphere

49
Q
  • controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills
A

Right Hemisphere

50
Q

The ability of the plant to reorient the shoot growth towards a direction of light source.

A

Phototropism

51
Q

It is a plant’s growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or gradient in water concentration.

A

Hydrotropism

52
Q

The movement or change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a reaction to touch.

A

Thigmotropism

53
Q

The growth of roots and shoots toward or away from the direction of gravity. The response of plants to gravity implies starch-filled plastids, the statoliths, which sediments at the bottom of the gravisensing cells, the statocytes.

A

Gravitropism/Geotropism

54
Q

are signaling biomolecules released by plants and animals that have a function in the control of physiological processes as well as the upkeep of homeostasis in the body of living beings

A

HORMONES

55
Q

Animal hormones can diffuse through the ___

A

blood (circulatory system)

56
Q

plant hormones diffuse through the _____

A

phloem and xylem

57
Q
  • Stimulates stem elongation (low concentration only); promotes the formation of lateral and adventitious roots; regulates development of fruit; enhances apical dominance; functions in phototropism and gravitropism;
A

Auxin

58
Q

Promotes ripening of many types of fruit, leaf abscission, and the triple response in seedlings (inhibition of stem elongation, promotion of lateral expansion, and horizontal growth)

A

Ethylene

59
Q
  • Stimulate stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, and seed development and germination
A

Gibberellins

60
Q
  • Promote cell expansion and cell division in shoots; promote root growth at low concentrations
A

Brassinosteroids

61
Q

Plants can absorb water and mineral ions from the soil through the process of ____

A

osmosis

62
Q

animals that live in or on their food source.

Examples: earthworms that feed through the soil where they live in; caterpillars that eat through the leaves where they live

A

substrate-feeders

63
Q

include many aquatic animals that draw in water and strain small organisms and food particles present in the medium.

Examples: whales and coelenterates

A

filter-feeders

64
Q

suck fluids containing nutrients from a living host.

Examples: mosquitoes, leeches, head lice, aphids

A

fluid-feeders

65
Q

eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws, pincers, etc. that help in securing the food and tearing it to pieces.

Examples: snakes, cats

A

bulk-feeders

66
Q
  • animals with four-part stomachs, which allows them to chew food more than once
A

Ruminants

67
Q
  • composed of a single opening through which food is taken in and where wastes are disposed of; it is a saclike body cavity.

Examples: in the cnidarian Hydra and in flatworm Planaria

A

Gastrovascular cavity or incomplete digestive system

68
Q
  • essentially like a tube with an opening at one end for taking in food (mouth) and an opening at the other end where unabsorbed waste materials are eliminated (anus). In between the mouth and anus, are specialized organs that carry out transport, processing, and absorption of digested nutrients.
  • Food moves through the human digestive system through peristalsis.
A

Complete Digestive System

69
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A
  1. Oral Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. large intestine
  7. rectum
  8. anus
70
Q

mixes and stores ingested food, secretes gastric juice that helps dissolve and degrade the food, and regulates the passage of food into the small intestine

A

Stomach

71
Q

carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients you get from foods into your bloodstream

A

Small intestine

72
Q
  • When food residue remains in the large intestine for extended periods, excessive water is absorbed and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass, causing ____
A

constipation

73
Q

Watery stools, or _____ , result from any condition that rushes undigested food residue through the large intestine before it has had sufficient time to absorb the water.

A

diarrhea

74
Q

allows passage of wastes in unicellular organisms

A

Cell surface or cell membrane

75
Q

the excretory tubule of most annelids and adult mollusks

A

Metanephridia

76
Q

the excretory tubules of insects and other terrestrial arthropods attached to their digestive tract (midgut)

A

Malpighian Tubules

77
Q

a network of tubules that lack internal openings but have external openings at the body surface called nephridiopores such as in the flatworm, Dugesia

A

Protonephridia or Flame Bulb System

78
Q

the condition wherein steady state is regulated inside the organism for it to adapt to internal and external changes.

A

Homeostasis

79
Q

Maintaining a stable internal environment requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change. The adjustment of physiological systems within the body is called _____.

A

homeostatic regulation

80
Q

homeostatic control has three components

A

receptor
center of control
effector

81
Q

detect a change

A

receptor (sense organ)

82
Q

will process and integrate what is happening

A

center of control (the brain or the spinal cord)

83
Q

produce a response appropriate to the change.

A

effector (muscle cells or organs/ glands)

84
Q

a reaction in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change

A

Negative feedback

85
Q

Negative feedback

A

a. Thermoregulation
b. Carbon dioxide concentration
c. Blood sugar level

86
Q

a response occurs to amplify the change in the variable. This has a destabilizing effect, so does not result in homeostasis.

A

Positive feedback

87
Q

Positive feedback

A

a. For example, in nerves, a threshold electric potential triggers the generation of a much larger action potential.
b. Blood clotting
c. Events in childbirth

4th Q (1 decks)

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