GEN 006 Flashcards
1
Q
It is concerned with knowing what is right and wrong.
A
ETHICS
2
Q
It came from the Greek word, “ethos”, which means character.
A
ETHICS
3
Q
- “What do people think is right?”
A
Descriptive
4
Q
“How should people act?”
A
Normative
5
Q
- “What does ‘right’ even mean?”
A
Meta
6
Q
“How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?”
A
Applied -
7
Q
-Focuses on the inherent character of a person. Making a decision in light of
those favored virtues
A
VIRTUE
8
Q
-Identifying one’s duty and acting accordingly
A
DEONTOLOGICAL
9
Q
Also known as Utilitarian Ethics. Making a decision based on what will
benefit the majority.
A
TELEOLOGICAL
10
Q
Action is considered right or wrong.
Mos/mores – custom.
A
MORALITY:
11
Q
Refers to norms (rules and values) about the types of actions which
are morally acceptable
A
Moral Standards
12
Q
- Refers to norms that are unrelated to moral or ethical
considerations.
A
Non-moral Standards
13
Q
- Describes a person or behavior that conscientiously goes against
accepted morals.
A
Immoral Standards-
14
Q
- Means that there is no moral perception and not influenced or
guided by moral considerations. (e.g., hurricanes and machines).
A
Unmoral Standards
15
Q
having or showing no concern about whether behavior.
A
Amoral Standards
16
Q
experience of moral value such that one’s moral consciousness
comes to work as one is called to make a moral response
A
MORAL EXPERIENCE
17
Q
- fixed set of rules that ignores the complexities of the situation
and fails to adapt one’s behavior to changing circumstances.
A
MORAL PRINCIPLES -
18
Q
- Experiences where an agent is confused about the right decision.
A
DELIMAS
19
Q
An extremely difficult situation for someone to handle. It can be
moral or non-moral.
A
Personal Dilemma-
20
Q
Any difficult moral problems that raise hard moral questions.
A
Moral Dilemma
21
Q
For an action to be morally good, all three determinates
must be complete.
A
MORAL ACTIONS
22
Q
Refers to the objective moral character of the act
A
- Object of the Act-
23
Q
-Refers to the purpose or motive of the act, the end
should always justify the means.
A
Intention of the Act -
24
Q
Refers to the conditions/elements of the act
(time and place) that will modify its morality.
A
Circumstance of the Act.
25
-an important part of the socialization process/
considering what is right for society and good for others
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
26
-Developed by Lawrence Kohlberg
to focus on understanding the development of morality throughout life.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
27
-Developed by Carol Giligan as a
critique to Kohlberg where she studied both men and women and
identified that relationships are appropriate to the system of rules.
Giligan’s Theory of Moral Development
28
Always act in such a way that the maxim of
your action should become a universal law (e.g., ‘Do not break promises’
implies a universal judgement for anybody in the identical situation should have
not broken their promises).
The Universalizability Principle
29
Act so that you treat humanity, both in your own
person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means.
(e.g., ‘Lying to your friend about their birthday party so it would be a
surprise’ is considered morally wrong).
The Formula of Humanity.
30
Specific principles (maxims and moral laws) that
emphasizes morality requires they fulfillment of moral duties and not on selfseeking desires.
Fundamental Duties.
31
These are duties that do not allow exceptions and are
universal.
Perfect Duties
32
There are duties that do not always need to be followed in
one way or all the time.
Imperfect Duties-
33
Derives moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be
achieved, rightness or wrongness of an action depends on
outcomes/consequence.
TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS (CONSEQUENTIALISM):
34
-Moral duty is exclusive for the self which means that one
ought to do/pursue whatever is in one’s own best interest (e.g., developing a
career).
Ethical Egoism
35
one ought to perform actions which tend to produce the
greatest overall happiness for the greatest number of people (e.g., promoting
social justice).
Utilitarianism -
36
Believes that human actions and social institutions should be judged right or
wrong depending upon their tendency to promote the greatest amount of
pleasure or least amount of pain.
JEREMY BENTHAM’S PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY:
37
-(1) Recognizes the fundamental role of pain and pleasure in
human life, (2) Approves or disapproves of an action based on the amount of
pain or pleasure brought about by the consequences of the action, (3)
Equates good with pleasure and evil with pain, and (4) Asserts that pleasure
and pain are capable of quantification, hence, measurable.
Main Principles
38
-The right act is defined as the one which brings about the
best results or the least amount of bad result (e.g., charity work).
Act Utilitarianism
39
A way to measure pleasure and pain using different
factors/criteria in an action.
Utilitarian Calculus
40
Pursuing virtues or ideal character traits.
Focusing on being a good person.
* Concerned with the whole of a person's life.
VIRTUE ETHICS :
41
Believes that people need to identify meaningful goals.
THOMAS AQUINAS’ THEORY OF VIRTUE ETHICS:
42
rules about how to act.
Principles
43
traits which are taken to be good or moral to have.
Virtues
44
Moral thought is that good should be pursued, and evil avoided.
Principles:
45
Doing the right thing at the right time, place and manner.
Prudence
46
-Denotes moderation of desires and physical pleasures
Temperance
47
-The desire to do actions that are difficult to attain or avoid.
Courage-
48
- A disposition to give other what they are entitled to (rights).
Justice
49
Is directed towards the pursuit of the concept of Eudaemonia (supreme happiness)
which could be achieved through Phronesis (practical wisdom) or Arête (virtue).
ARISTOTLE’S THEORY OF VIRTUE ETHICS:
50
The adherence to certain rules or duties which means that the morality of an action
should be based on whether that action is right or wrong under a series of rules
DEONTOLOGY (DUTY ETHICS):
51
Follow universal moral laws (e.g., Don’t cheat. Don’t lie. Don’t steal) which all human
beings must honor and be obligated to do for it is their duty as moral agents.
IMMANUEL KANT’S DUTY-BASED ETHICS:
52
Commands that are intended to be the basis of all other
rules which you should be doing regardless of your interest.
Categorical Imperatives
53
It is not the quantity of pleasure but the quality of happiness that is central to
utilitarianism. An action should be judged right or wrong if it has the tendency to
achieve happiness for the greatest number of people.
JOHN STUART MILL’S GREATEST HAPPINESS PRINCIPLE:
54
- We ought to live by rules which lead to the greatest good in general.
Avoid short-time utility, instead focus on achieving long-term utility (e.g., equality for
women).
Rule Utilitarianism-
55
* Also known as Daoism, is an indigenous Chinese religion often associated with the
TAOISM:
56
A philosophical and political text purportedly written by Laozi (Lao Tzu).
Daode Jing (Tao Te Ching),
57
A Chinese word signifying 'way', 'path', 'route', 'road' or sometimes more loosely
'doctrine', 'principle' or 'holistic beliefs’.
➢ TAO OR DAO:
58
Two halves that together completes wholeness. They are the starting point for change.
Both halves are chasing after each other as they seek a new balance.
YIN AND YANG:
59
signifies softness, darkness, passivity, femininity, etc.
Yin
60
signifies hardness,
brightness, activity, masculinity, etc.
Yang
61
The teachings of a Nepali prince named Siddharta Gautama who lived around 500
BCE.
BUDDHISM:
62
Insight into the true nature of reality.
Right View or Right Understanding
63
- The unselfish desire to realize enlightenment.
Right Intention -
64
-Use speech compassionately.
* Right Speech
65
Using ethical conduct to manifest compassion.
* Right Action
66
Making a living through ethical and non-harmful means
Right Livelihood
67
- Cultivating wholesome qualities and releasing unwholesome qualities.
* Right Effort
68
- Body-mind awareness.
Right Mindfulness
69
-Meditation as a dedicated, concentrated practice.
Right Concentration
70
The way of life propagated by Confucius in the 6th–5th century BCE and
followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia.
CONFUCIANISM:
71
72
is seen as the ultimate purpose of life. The cultivated self in
Confucianism is what some scholars call a “subdued self” wherein personal
needs are repressed for the good of many.
Self-cultivation
73
Derived from the word “salam” which means peace or surrender whereas
‘Islam’ means the perfect peace out of total surrender to Allah (God).
ISLAM:
74
Obligation to profess the faith.
Shahada
75
Obligation to pray
Salah
76
. Obligation to give alms.
Zakat
77
Obligation to fast.
Saum
78
Obligation to do pilgrimage to Mecca
* Hajj
79
The world's oldest religion, with roots and customs dating back more than
4,000 years and the third-largest religion behind Christianity and Islam.
HINDUISM:
80
. The system which divides Hindus into rigid hierarchical
groups based on their karma (work) and dharma (duty) is generally
accepted to be more than 3,000 years old.
Caste System
81
Soul’s state of suffering because of its attachments to the senses or to the
pleasures of the flesh.
* Atman a slave of Maya (magic or illusion).
* The Universal Essence (Brahman).
ATMAN:
82
sitting down near" or "sitting close to" and implies listening closely to
the mystic doctrines of a guru or a spiritual teacher.
* It also means 'Brahma-knowledge' by which ignorance is annihilated.
UPANISHADS:
