GD (PRELIM) Flashcards
What is Group Dynamics?
Interpersonal processes that occur within and between groups; also the scientific study of those processes.
What are Groups?
Two or more individuals connected by social relationships, varying in size from dyads and triads to large aggregations.
What are the four basic types of groups?
- Primary Groups
- Social Groups
- Collectives
- Social Category
What characterizes Primary Groups?
Relatively small personally meaningful groups that are highly unified, such as family and friends.
What characterizes Social Groups?
Includes work groups, clubs, and congregations that interact over an extended period.
What characterizes Collectives?
Relatively large groups displaying similarities in actions and outlook, like audiences or queues.
What is a Social Category?
Groups that share a common attribute influencing social identity and stereotypes.
What distinguishes one group from another?
- Composition
- Boundaries
- Size
- Interdependence
- Structure
- Goals
- Origin
- Unity
- Entitativity
What is Group Cohesion?
The integrity, solidarity, and unity of the group.
What are the sources of Group Cohesion?
- Social Cohesion
- Task Cohesion
- Collective Cohesion
- Emotional Cohesion
- Structural Cohesion
What is the first stage of Tuckman’s Five-Stage Model?
Orientation (Forming) Stage.
What occurs in the Conflict (Storming) Stage of group development?
Disagreement over procedures and expression of dissatisfaction.
What is the key focus in the Performance (Performing) Stage?
Goal achievement and high task orientation.
What does the Dissolution (Adjourning) Stage involve?
Termination of roles and completion of tasks.
What is the Punctuated Equilibrium Model?
Suggests groups move through periods of accelerated change.
What are the positive consequences of cohesion?
- Increased member satisfaction
- Decreased turnover
- Decreased stress
What is the relationship between cohesion and performance?
Success increases group cohesion, and cohesive groups perform better.
Do initiations increase cohesion?
Yes, methods like initiations can increase a group’s level of cohesion.
What does Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance suggest?
Initiations create dissonance that new members resolve by increasing their commitment to the group.
What is the difference between Individualism and Collectivism?
- Individualism: Emphasis on personal goals
- Collectivism: Emphasis on group goals
What does Social Identity Theory involve?
Development of Collective Identity through categorization and identification.
What is the Minimax Principle?
Preference for relationships that provide maximum rewards with minimal costs.
Fill in the blank: The Law of Interaction states that behavior (B) is a function of personal qualities (P) and the _______ (E).
social environment
True or False: Prolonged isolation is rewarding.
False
What influences why people join groups?
Personality, motivations, and expectations.
What is the principle of reciprocity?
The tendency for liking to be met with liking in return.
What are the micro-level factors in group dynamics?
Qualities, characteristics, and actions of individual members.
What are qualitative studies in group dynamics?
Collection of descriptive data about groups.
What is the goal of quantitative studies?
Enumeration and quantification of the phenomena of interest.
What is the primary purpose of using multiple choice questions?
To assess knowledge and understanding in a clear format.
True or False: Multiple choice questions can only have one correct answer.
True
Which of the following is NOT a component of a multiple choice question?
A narrative explanation
Fill in the blank: A multiple choice question typically consists of a stem and _____ options.
response
What is the term for the correct answer in a multiple choice question?
Key
Which of the following is a disadvantage of multiple choice questions?
They may encourage guessing.
What is a distractor in multiple choice questions?
An incorrect answer option.
True or False: Multiple choice questions can be used for both formative and summative assessments.
True
Which type of multiple choice question allows for more than one correct answer?
Multiple response question
What should be avoided when writing the distractors?
Using similar wording to the correct answer.
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the question part of a multiple choice item.
stem
In a well-constructed multiple choice question, how many distractors should there typically be?
Three to four
What is the primary benefit of using multiple choice questions in exams?
Efficiency in grading.
True or False: All distractors should be plausible to avoid giving away the correct answer.
True
Which of the following is a best practice in designing multiple choice questions?
Avoiding negative phrasing in the stem.
What is the term for the process of analyzing the effectiveness of multiple choice questions after an assessment?
Item analysis
Fill in the blank: Multiple choice questions can be used to assess _____ knowledge.
factual
Which of the following is an example of a poorly constructed multiple choice question?
What color is the sky? a) Blue b) Green c) Large d) Red
True or False: Multiple choice questions can assess higher-order thinking skills.
True
What is the recommended approach to writing options for multiple choice questions?
Keep them similar in length and complexity.
Which of the following strategies can help reduce guessing in multiple choice exams?
Providing clear, well-defined options.
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the part of the question that provides the context or scenario.
stem
What is a common mistake when creating multiple choice questions?
Including ambiguous terms in the stem.
True or False: The order of answer options should be randomized to reduce bias.
True
Which of the following is a key advantage of multiple choice questions?
They provide immediate feedback.
In which context are multiple choice questions most often used?
Standardized testing
