GCSE Physics Topics 1-4 Summary Flashcards
Different types of energy?
G ravitational Potential Energy E lectrical Energy E lastic Potential Energy K inetic (Movement) Energy S ound Energy
L ight Energy U --------------- N uclear Energy C hemical Energy H eat (Thermal Energy)
What is the Law Of Conservation?
The Law Of Conservation tells us that ENERGY CANNOT be created or destroyed, only transfered into another type of energy.
Kinetic energy formula?
Ek = 1/2 X m X v(squared)
Elastic Potential energy formula?
Ee = 1/2 X k X e(squared)
Gravitational potential energy formula?
Ep = m X g X h
Thermal Energy Formula?
(Change in)Energy = m X c X (Change in)Temperature
Power Formula (Involving energy)?
P = E/t
Power Formula (involving work done)?
P = W/t
What is wasted energy?
Energy not intended for use.
How can wasted energy be released?
Dissipating into surroundings.
How can you keep your home warm?
Double glazing (windows not donuts) Carpets Curtains Cavity wall insulation Loft insulation Draught excluders
Efficiency formula?
Efficiency = Useful Energy In/ Total Energy Out
What is renewable energy?
Energy which will not run out, you can get more of the energy.
Examples of renewable energy?
Sun (Solar)
Wind
Water (Tidal)
Geothermal
What is finite energy (Non-Renewable)?
Energy that will run out, you cannot get more of that energy.
Examples of finite energy?
Fossil fuels; coal, oil and gas
Nuclear
What is charge?
Value for electricity flowing in a circuit.
What is current?
Flow of electrons.
What is potential difference?
Pushes current around.
What is resistance?
Slows down current.
Charge formula? (Involving current and time)
Q = I X t
Potential difference formula? (Involving current and resistance)
V = I X R
What are the uses for a thermistor?
Central Heating- only lets current flow at certain temperatures.
Current-potential difference graphs - (Resistor at constant temperature)?
Current and Potential difference are directly proportional to eachother
Current-potential difference graphs - (Filament Bulb)?
As temperature increases, resistance increases.
Current-potential difference graphs - (Diode)?
Only let current flow in one direction, direction that it is pointing(The symbol).
Current-potential difference graphs - (Thermistor)?
As temperature changes, resistance changes. High temperature means a bigger gradient. Low temperature means a smaller gradient.
What are the uses of LDR’S (Light Dependant Resistor)?
Street Lights
Security Lights
Current-potential difference graphs - (LDR- Light Dependant Resistor)?
Bright light = LARGER GRADIENT
Dim light = smaller gradient
What is potential difference measured by in a circuit?
Voltmetre
What is the Current, Potential Difference and Resistance like in a Series circuit?
Current = Same (across all components)
Potential Difference = Total potential difference is split across components
Resistance Total = R1 + R2
What is the Current, Potential Difference and Resistance like in a Parallel circuit?
Current = Split across branches
Potential Difference = Same (across all components)
Resistance Total = 1/R1 + 1/R2
What is the voltage and Hz of Mains electricity in the UK?
230V - 50Hz
Green and yellow wire on a plug?
Earth wire
Blue wire on a plug?
Neutral wire
Brown wire on a plug?
Live wire
Safety features of a plug?
Wire will melt if it gets too hot
Cable grip
Cable (double encased in plastic)
Plastic casing
Power formula (involving Potential Difference)?
P = V X I
Power formula (involving Resistance)?
P = I(squared) X Resistance
Energy formula (involving Power)?
E = P X t
Energy formula (involving charge)
E = Q x V
The National Grid (STEPS)?
Power Station → Step Up transformer → Power grid → Step Down transformer → House
Step Up transformers turn _____ voltage into _____ voltage.
Step Up transformers turn LOW voltage into HIGH voltage.
Step Down transformers turn _____ voltage into _____ voltage.
Step Down transformers turn HIGH voltage into LOW voltage.
How does a Solid become a Liquid?
Solid ⇨ (Melting) ⇨ Liquid
How does a Liquid become a Gas?
Liquid ⇨ (Evaporates) ⇨ Gas
How does a Gas become a Liquid?
Gas ⇨ (Condensing) ⇨ Liquid
How does a Liquid become a Solid?
Liquid ⇨ (Freezing) ⇨ Solid
Energy transfer from a Solid ⇨ Liquid ⇨ Gas?
⇨⇨⇨⇨Energy In⇨⇨⇨⇨
Energy transfer from a Solid ⇦ Liquid ⇦ Gas?
⇦⇦⇦⇦Energy Out⇦⇦⇦⇦
What is density?
Density is mass in a set volume.
Density Formula?
D=m/v (Don’t Move Vera!)
What is Specific Heat Capacity?
Specific Heat Capacity is how much energy is needed to raise temperature of 1kg by 1(degrees).
Specific Heat Capacity formula?
(Change in)Energy = m X c X (Change in)temperature
What is Specific Latent Heat?
Specific Latent Heat is how much energy is needed to change a substance from a solid to liquid, at the melting point.
Specific Latent Heat formula?
E = m X L
Size of atom?
0.1 - 0.5 nm {} . 1 x10-(10m) - 5 x10-(10m)
Where are Protons found in the atom?
Nucleus
Where are Neutrons found in the atom?
Nucleus
Where are Electrons found in the atom?
Outer Shell
What is the mass of a Proton?
1
What is the mass of a Neutron?
1
What is the mass of a Electron?
1/2000
What is the charge of a Proton?
+1
What is the charge of a Neutron?
0
What is the charge of a Electron?
-1
Number at the top of an atom?
Atomic Number
Number at the bottom of an atom?
Mass Number
What is the mass number?
Number of Protons + Neutrons
What is the number of Protons in a atom?
Atomic Number
What is the number of Electrons in a atom?
Atomic Number
How to find Number of Protons in a atom?
Atomic Number
How to find Number of Neutrons in a atom?
Mass - Atomic Number
What is a Ion?
Ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons.
What did Dalton discover?
1800’s, Atom had Solid Sphere
What did JJ Thompson discover?
1897 Electrons
What did Rutherford discover?
Plum pudding model + Atom had Solid Centre
What did Bohr discover/develop?
Developed nuclear model of atom.
Rutherford - Main points?
Positive Centre (Which we call Nucleus)
Chadwick - Main points?
Added Neutrons
Bohr - Main points?
Nuclear model
Rutherford and the plum pudding?
Shot a particle gun at Gold Foil, realised that some particles didn’t go straight through. Told Rutherford that instead of this being an evenly distributed pattern of negative and positive charges, we are likely to have an overall build up of positive in the middle. With negative charges around the outside. So the majority of the atom was left with empty space. This led to the nuclear model of the atom.
What types of Radiation are there?
Alpha, Beta and Gamma
How can Alpha Radiation be written?
4 2 a
How can Beta Radiation be written?
0 -1 e
How can Gamma Radiation be written?
‘Just a wave’
What can Alpha Radiation be stopped by?
Paper/Skin
What can Beta Radiation be stopped by?
Foil
What can Gamma Radiation be stopped by?
Lead
What is used to measure Radiation?
Geiger Muller Tube.
What is the unit of measurement for Radiation
Becquerel (Bq)
What is half life?
Time it takes for half the radioactive atoms to decay.
How long can half life range from?
Between milliseconds to years.
Formula for pressure?
P = V x constant
What is static electricity?
Something that isn’t normally charged becoming charged.
Can be caused by:
- Insulators rubbing together
- Movement of electrons
- Shock when charge gets reset
Sources of background radiation?
Radon Gas = 50% Medical = 14% Ground = 14% Food = 11.5% Cosmic = 10% Nuclear Tests = 0.5% Plane Travel = 0.2% Nuclear Power Station = 0.1
Uses of Gamma Radiation?
Cancer Treatment
Sterilising Materials
Uses of Beta Radiation?
Testing Thickness Of Foil
Medical Tracer
Uses of Alpha Radiation
Smoke Alarms
What is Nuclear Fission and Fusion?
Fission: Nuclear fission is a chain reaction where it is the breaking apart of atoms. The first neutron is fired and hits a heavy radioactive element, whether thats uranium or plutonium. It splits the atom making 3 neutrons come out, radiation and some smaller atoms. Those neutrons go on to hit the next atom.
Fusion: Nuclear Fusion is the process that takes place in our stars. It is when Nuclei fuse together to make one large nuclei. This releases energy like light, heat and sound.
