gcse pe Flashcards
movement
movement ~ skeleton structure allows muscle attachment/ provides leverage to enable movement
protection
protection ~ bones help protect vital organs e.g. cranium protects the brain
posture
skeleton / skeletal structure gives correct shape to the body
support
bones provide framework and give us shape
red blood cells
large bones contain marrow that produce red blood cells
minerals
bones store calcium, potassium and iron
what is a synovial joint?
a synovial joint is freely moveable/ allows movement
what is a hinge joint type
elbow and knee joint that allows flexion and extension
what is a ball and socket joint?
shoulder and hip joints that allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction
what is abduction in the horizontal plane
arm moves out from chest e.g. release of a discus
what is adduction in the horizontal plane?
arm moves across the chest e.g. preparation of a discus throw
Agonist:
is the prime mover allowing muscles to contract (shortens)
Antagonist:
the muscle that relaxes allowing the muscle to extend
Movement at the shoulder:
flexion:
agonist - deltoids
antagonist - latissimus dorsi
extension:
agonist - deltoids
antagonist - latissimus dorsi
abduction:
agonist - deltoids
antagonist - latissimus dorsi
adduction:
agonist - latissimus dorsi
antagonist - deltoids
abduction in the horizontal plane:
agonist - pectoral
antagonist - trapezius
adduction in the horizontal plane:
agonist - trapezius
antagonist - pectoral
movement at the hip:
extension:
agonist - gluteals
adduction:
agonist - gluteals
abduction
agonist - gluteals
Movement at the ankle:
Plantar flexion (pointing toes)
agonist - gastrocnemius
Movement of the vertebral column / hip joint:
flexion, bending forward (sit ups)
Agonist - abdominals
Levers:
F = Fulcrum (joint)
L = Load (weight/ resistance/ body part)
E = Effort (muscle)
examples of levers
1st class lever - heading a football
2nd class lever - jumping to head a football
3rd class lever - bicep curl
What are levers mechanical advantage?
the ability to move a large load with a small effort. When the effort is further away from the fulcrum
Planes + axis (table)
frontal plane, frontal axis, cartwheel
saggital plane, tranverse axis, summersault
tranverse plane, longitudinal axis, pirouette
aerobic and anaerobic differences: (table)
aerobic:
oxygen is used
no lactic acid is formed
low/ moderate intensity
continuous (3+ min)
marathon
anaerobic:
no oxygen is used
lactic acid is produced
high intensity
short bursts (10 seconds)
100m sprint
short and long term effects - CV system
short term:
increased heart rate
increased stroke volume
increased cardiac output
redistribution of blood flow
long term:
decreased resting heart rate
increased resting stroke volume
increased cardiac output
increased speed of recovery
capillarisation
hypertrophy of the heart
decrease in chance of heart disease
short and long term effects - muscles and bones
short term:
increased muscle temperature
production of lactic acid
long term:
increased bone density
hypertrophy or muscles
increased strength of muscles
increased muscular endurance and resistance to fatigue
increased flexibility of muscles
short and long term effects - respiratory system:
short term:
increased breathing frequency
increased tidal volume
increased minute ventilation
long term:
increased aerobic capacity
increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
increased tidal volume
increased minute ventilation
increase in alveoli
decreased chance of lung disease
