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GCSE History: Flashcards

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1
Q

Under which monarch did Britain become hugely influential and form family connections with most European royal families?

A

Queen Victoria.
(1837-1901)

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2
Q

By the reign of George V who held the real power in Britain?

A

The elected Parliment and the government.

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3
Q

How many people and territories did the British Empire rule over by 1914?

A

400 million people in 56 territories.

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4
Q

Despite Britain’s wealth what social issue persisted in the early 20th century?

A

Most of the population lived in poverty while wealth was concentrated in a small group.

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5
Q

What were the signs of Britain’s declining global status before World War 1?

A

Other nations like the USA and Germany developed industires and grew more powerful.

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6
Q

What type of government did France have before World War 1?

A

A republic governed by an elected president.

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7
Q

How large was the French Empire and where was it mainly located?

A

The French Empire ruled around 60 million people mainly in West and North Africa.

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8
Q

What major event in 1870 negatively impacted France national pride?

A

Germany defeated France and took some of its land.

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9
Q

What were two key issues France faced befoer World War 1?

A

France falling behind Britain and Germany in trade.
Population was lower than it neighbours.

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10
Q

When and how was Germany created as a unified country?

A

In 1871 when several former states joined together.

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11
Q

Who ruled Germany with absolute power before World War 1?

A

Kaiser William II.

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12
Q

How did the size of the German Empire compare to other European powers’ empires?

A

Much smaller with territories in Africa and the Far East.

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13
Q

What was Kaiser William II’s main ambition for Germany?

A

Build and expand Germany’s empire.

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14
Q

What social issue persisted in Germany despite industrial growth?

A

Many workers remained very poor and some formed opposition groups.

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15
Q

Who ruled Russia in the early 1900s and what did most Russians believe about his rule?

A

Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia.
Most Russians believed he had been chosen to rule by God.

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16
Q

What challenges was Tsar Nicholas II facing in the early 1900s?

A

Tsar was facing increased opposition as his autocratic system was becoming less popular.

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17
Q

How large was Russia’s population in the early 1900s?

A

Nearly over 160 million.

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18
Q

What was notable of Russia’s ethnic diversity?

A

Over 200 ethnic groups.

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19
Q

Did Russia have overseas colonies?

A

No

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20
Q

How had Russia expanded it’s territory?

A

Taken control of the neighboring territory during the 19th century.

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21
Q

What percentage of the Russian population lived in the countryside?

A

Around 85%

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22
Q

What were the conditions like when the Russian population lived in the countryside?

A

Harsh. Poor harvests could lead to thousands of death. Due to starvation.

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23
Q

What was the role of the elected parliament formed after the 1905 riots in Russia?

A

Tsar Nicholas II often rejected many of the laws it passed.

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24
Q

What were the main types of trenches in WW1?

A

. Frontline.
. Support.
. Reserve Trenches.
- Connected by communication trenches.

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25
Q

Who held ultimate power in Austria-Hungary despite the existence of parliaments in both countries?

A

Emperor Franz-Josef.

Austria Hungary had their own parliments.

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26
Q

When was the union between Austria and Hungary formed?

A

1867.

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27
Q

What made the Austria-Hungary Empire ethnically diverse?

A

Many nationallities, cultures and languages.

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28
Q

For Austria-Hungary what are some lands calling for?

A

Independance.

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29
Q

What tensions existed within the Austria Hungary Empire?

A

Tensions between many of the ethnic groups within the empire.

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30
Q

Why was the Austria-Hungary Empire seen as being in decline?

A

Unpopular government and an aging emperor.

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31
Q

What was the purpose of the Alliance System in Europe before WWI?

A

Increase influence and seccurity by forming alliances.

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32
Q

What are the two main alliances before WWI?

A

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.

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33
Q

What was the main risk of the Alliance System?

A

One small conflict between two nations could drag all alies into a large war.

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34
Q

What was the Dual Alliance of 1879?

A

Germany and Austria-Hungary.

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35
Q

Who was part of the Triple Alliance in 1882?

A

Germay.
Austria-Hungary.
Italy.

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36
Q

What did the members of the Triple Alliance agree on?

A

Provide military support if one was attacked by two powers.

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37
Q

What was the Franco-Russian Alliance?
When?

A

Military alliance.
France and Russia.
1892

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38
Q

What was the Entente Cordiale?
When?

A

An agreement between Britain and France.
1904

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39
Q

Who formed the Triple Entente?
When?

A

Britain, France and Russia.

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40
Q

Why was the Triple Entente formed?

A

Protect against Germany.

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41
Q

What was Great Britain’s military strength before WWI?

A

Army: 710,000
Battleships: 122
Submarines: 64

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42
Q

What was Germany’s military strength before WWI?

A

Army: 2,200,000
Battleships: 85
Submarines: 23

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43
Q

What was Russia’s military strength before WWI?

A

Army: 1,200,000
Battleships: 26
Submarines: 29

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44
Q

What was Austria-Hungary’s military strength before WWI?

A

Army: 810,000
Battleships: 24
Submarines: 6

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45
Q

What was Italy’s military strength before WWI?

A

Army: 750,000
Battleships: 36
Submarines: 12

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46
Q

What was France’s military strength before WWI?

A

Army: 1,250,000
Battleships: 46
Submarines: 73

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47
Q

Why did France want to take control of Morocco?
Who supported them?

A

For influence.

Britain supported them.

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48
Q

How did Germany respond to France’s intrerest in Morocco in 1905?

A

Kaiser visited Tangier and pledged support for Morocco’s independence.

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49
Q

What were Germany’s motives in supporting Morocco’s interdependence?

A

Test France’s limits
Challenge the Entente Cordiale
Assert Germany’s role in the world affairs

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50
Q

What was the Algeciras Conference and why was it held?

A

Prevent a war between France and Germany over Morocco.
A 1906 conference.

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51
Q

What was the outcome of the Angleciras Conference for Germany?

A

Germany was humilated as most powers backed France’s rights in Morocco.

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52
Q

What triggered the Second Moroccean Crisis in 1911?

A

A rebeillion in Fez led the Sultan to ask France for military aid.
Germany accused France of invading.

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53
Q

How did Germany react during the Second Moroccan Crisis?

A

Germany sent a warship.
Britain prepared for war.
But diplomatic meetings prevented conflict.

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54
Q

What were the main consequences of the Moroccan Crises for Germany?

A

Germany was humiliated.
Received territory in Africa.
Was unlikely to back down in future conflicts.

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55
Q

How did the Moroccan Crises affect Britain’s stance toward Germany?

A

Britain saw Germany as a threat so they began to build up a navy.

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56
Q

How did the Moroccan Crises impact the alliances in Europe?

A

Alliance between Britain and France strengthed.
Italy’s lack of support weakened the Triple Alliance.

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57
Q

What is a Navy?

A

A group of ships.

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58
Q

What does oppression mean?

A

Systematically harmed by others.

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59
Q

What significant event involving Kaiser Wilhem II occured in Tangier in 1905?

A

Kaiser visited Tangier in 1905 to support Morocco’s independance.

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60
Q

What was the outcome of the Algecrias Conference in 1906 regarding Morocco?

A

France increased it’s influence.

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61
Q

Why did French forces occupy Fez in 1911?

A

French forces occupied Fez after a rebellion in Morocco.

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62
Q

What action did the Kaiser take in 1911 as a show of strength during the Second Moroccan Crisis?

A

Kaiser sent a warship to a warship to Agadir in 1911.

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63
Q

What was happening to the Ottoman Empire by the early 20th century?

A

The Ottoman Empire was on th verge of collapse with several countries rebelling and gaining independance.

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64
Q

How did Austria-Hungary respond to the Ottoman Empire’s weakening?

A

Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia in 1908 exploiting Turkey’s weakened state.

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65
Q

What was Serbia’s reaction to Austria-Hungary’s actions in Bosina?

A

Serbia was angered and requested help from Russia.

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66
Q

What international response followed Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia?

A

Russia called for an international conference to address the situation.

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67
Q

How did Germany react to Austria-Hungary’s actions in the Balkans?

A

Despite the Kaiser’s unhappiness Germany agreed to support Austria-Hungary.

68
Q

What was the outcome of Russia’s stance during the Balkan Crisis?

A

Russia backed down to avoid war reinforcing Austria-Hungary’s confidence in German support.

69
Q

What was the reaction of Bosnians to the annexation by Austria-Hungary?

A

Many Bosnians were angry leading to the formation of secret opposition groups.

70
Q

What led to the formation of the Balkan League?

A

Turkey’s weakness and defeat by Italy in 1911 prompted Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro to unite.

71
Q

How did Russia view the Balkan League?

A

Russia supported it as an ally against Austria-Hungary.

72
Q

How long did the First Balkan War last and who thought in it?

A

Lasted 50 days.
Balkan League and Turkey.

73
Q

What was the outcome of the First Balkan War?

A

Turkey was defeated and withdrew from Europe.

74
Q

What triggered the Second Balkan War?

A

Territorial disputes led Bulgaria to attack Serbia and Greece.

75
Q

Which countries joined the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria?

A

Turkey and Romania joined against Bulgaria.

76
Q

What was the result for Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War?

A

Bulgaria lost most of its territory from the First Balkan War.

77
Q

How did the Balkan Wars affect Serbia?

A

Serbia nearly doughted in size and became the strongest Balkan nation.

78
Q

What did Serbia aim to achieve after the Balkan Wars?

A

Serbia wanted to increase its influence.
Mostly Salvic people in Austria-Hungary’s territories.

79
Q

How did some Serbs in Bosnia feel after the Balkan Wars?

A

Many Serbs in Bosnia wanted Bosnia to join Serbia.

80
Q

How was Bulgaria affected by the Balkan Wars?

A

Bulgaria was weakened and sought revenge on Serbia.

81
Q

Why did Austria-Hungary see Serbia as a threat?

A

Serbias:
. Growth.
. Alliance with Russia.

82
Q

Which countries were the major powers at the start of the 20th century?

A

Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary.

83
Q

What were the two main alliances in Europe?

A

The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.

84
Q

What did the Moroccan Crisis reveal?

A

It tested the alliance system and showed Germany’s ambitions.

85
Q

What caused unrest in the Balkans in the early 20th century?

A

Collapse of Ottoman Empire and countries trying to increase their influence.

86
Q

What was Britain’s Splendid Isolation?

A

Britain being independent and not relying on other ecomonic allies.

87
Q

What was the Two-Power Standard?

A

British law stating the British navy had to be equal in size to the next two largest navies combined.

88
Q

Why did Britain end Splendid Isolation?

A

. Germany’s rising anger.
. Alliances in Europe.
. German support for the Boers and naval expansion.

89
Q

What factors led to the end of Splendid Isolation?

A

. Growing cooperation with France.
. German naval expansion.
. Formation of the Dual and Triple Alliance.

90
Q

What marked the end of Britain’s Splendid Isolation?

A

1902 alliance with Japan and 1904 Entente Cordiale with France.

91
Q

What were Kaiser Wilhelm II’s aims?

A

. Build Germany’s military strength.
. Establish a global empire.
. Rival Britain and France through Weltpolitik.

92
Q

Why did Kaiser Wilhelm II want a large navy?

A

Help build an empire and rival Britain’s naval power.

93
Q

What were the consequences of the Kaiser’s policies?

A

. Increased tensions in Europe.
. Other nations concerned about German’s ambitions.
. Responding by building up their own navies.

94
Q

What was the arms race in Europe before WW1?

A

By 1914 major European powers spent nearly £400 million on their armies and navies with most introducing conscrription (except Britain).

95
Q

How did European powers prepare for war?

A

. £400 million on armies and navies.
. Introduced/increased conscription.
. Developed military plans for quick mobilization.

96
Q

What was Germany’s military plan (Schilieffen Plan)?

A

Defeat France quickly before Russia could organise its troops.

97
Q

What is an Arms Race?

A

Two or more countries.

98
Q

Why did the Naval Race begin?

A

Kaiser wanted to rival Britain’s powerful navy.

99
Q

What were the German Navy Laws?

A

Laws to increase the German Navy’s size.

100
Q

How did Britain respond to Germany’s naval expansion?

A

By building Dreadnoughtd the most powerful battleships of the time.

101
Q

What were “Super Dreadnoughts”?

A

More advanced battleships built by Britain after Germany created its own Dreadnoughts/

102
Q

What was Britain’s initial approach to foreign policy before the 20th century?

A

“Splendid Isolation” of avoiding alliances.

103
Q

Why did Britain end its policy of Splendid Isoloation?

A

. Changes in Europe.
. Germany’s naval expansion.
-Then Britain formed alliances.

104
Q

What was the Kaiser goals for Germany?

A

Incerase power and influence of Germany.

105
Q

What was the aim of Serbian nationalists in the late 1800’s?

A

Unite all Serb areas in the Balkans.

106
Q

How did A-H (Austria-Hungary) anger Serbian nationalists in 1908?

A

Taking over Bosnia which had a large Serb population.

107
Q

Who were the Black Hand?

A

A secret Serbian group opposing Austarian control.

108
Q

Why did A-H send Franz Ferdinand to Sarajevo in 1914?

A

Show power on Serbia’s national day.

109
Q

How did the Black Hand prepare for the assassination?

A

Trained 7 students to attack him.

110
Q

What happened during the first assassination attempt?

A

A bomb was thrown but missed Franz Ferdinand’s car.

111
Q

How did Gavrilo Princip assassinate Franz Ferdinand?

A

Shot him after the car stopped near him by mistake.

112
Q

What was the impact of Franz Ferdinad’s assassination?

A

Shocked Europe, escalated tensions this led to WW1.

113
Q

What did A-H demand from Serbia after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?

A

A-H demanded from Serbia-
. Take responsibility.
. Remove Anti-Austarian groups under A-H police supervision.

114
Q

How did Serbia respond to A-H demands?

A

Serbia agreed to all demands except allowing A-H police in Serbia.

115
Q

What action did A-H take on July 28 1914?

A

A-H declared war on Serbia and began bombing Belgrade.

116
Q

What happened on July 29 1914 in response to A-H declaration of war?

A

Russia prepared its troops to support Serbia.

117
Q

How did Germany respond to Russia’s troop mobilization on July 30 1914?

A

Germany called on Russia to stop mobilizing triggering their alliance with A-H.

118
Q

What happened on August 1 1914 when Russia refused to halt mobilization?

A

Germany declared was on Russia. France prepared to support Russia.

119
Q

Why did Germany invade Belgium on August 3 1914?

A

Germany invaded Belguim as part of the Schlieffen Plan to reach France.

120
Q

How did Britain respond to Germany’s invasion of Belguim?

A

Britain bound by a treaty to protect Belguim declared war on Germany.

121
Q

Which countries declared war by August 6 1914?

A

Germany and A-H .VS. Russia, France, Britain and Serbia

122
Q

What was the goal of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan?

A

Avoid a two-front by quickly defeating France then focusing on Russia.

123
Q

How did Germany plan to outflank France in the Schlieffen Plan?

A

Sending troops through Belguim, Luxembourg and Netherlands.

124
Q

What changes did General von Moltke make to the Schlieffen Plan in 1906?

A

Reduced troops and excluded advancing through the Netherlands.

125
Q

How did Belguim and Britain impact the Schlieffen Plan?

A

Belguim resisted and Britain sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) delaying Germany.

126
Q

Why did the Schlieffen Plan ultimately fail?

A

Belguim’s resistance, British intervention, supply delays and Russia’s fast mobilization.

127
Q

What happened at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914?

A

British and French forced the Germans to retreat leading to trench warfare.

128
Q

What was the “Race to the Sea”?

A

Both sides moved towards the English Channel establishing trenches and a stalemate.

129
Q

How did the Western Front develop?

A

After the Battle of the Marne both sides dug trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland.

130
Q

What was something different form the Eastern Front from the Western Front?

A

Eastern Front was more mobile streching from Riga to the Black Sea.

131
Q

What setbacks did A-H face on the Eastern Front?

A

Heavy losses and retreat against nearly half a million Russian troops.

132
Q

What was “No Man’s Land”?

A

Area between the two-front lines.

133
Q

Why were trenches built in a zigzag pattern?

A

. Conatain blasts.
. Enemy gunfire to 1 section of the trench.

134
Q

How did German and British trenches differ?

A

German trenches were deeper and beter built anticipating a long conflict while British trenches were more temporary.

135
Q

What was a soldier’s typical rountine in the trenches?

A

. Guarding and repairs.
. Monthly rotation.
. 4 days front line.
. 4 days support.
. 8 days reserve.

136
Q

What conditions did soldiers face regarding hygiene in the trenches?

A

. Trench foot.
. Poor hygiene.
. Lice.
. Rat infestions.
. Diseases.

137
Q

What was “shell shock”?

A

Mental health condition suffered by soldiers due to constant combat stress.

138
Q

How were soldiers’ letters home handled?

A

Letters were sent and received weekly but were censored to prevent valuable information reaching the enemy.

139
Q

Describe the food soldiers had in the trenches:

A

. Basic meals= Stew, bread and hard biscuits.
. Treats= Bacon, cheese and rum.

140
Q

What was artillery used for in WW1?

A

Weaken enemy lines before an attack. Caused about 60% of all wounds.

141
Q

What was the purpose and imapct of machine guns in WW1?

A

. Could fire up to 10 bullets per second.
. Requires 2-4 men.
. Caused 40% of British casualties.

142
Q

When and by whom was poisonous gas first used in WW1?

A

April 1915.
Germany.

143
Q

How were tanks initally used and how did they envolve?

A

Britain.
1916.
Envolved by over the war.

144
Q

What standard weapons did WW1 soldiers carry?

A

Rifles with bayonets, grenades and some flamethrowers.

145
Q

What was a typical WW1 attack plan on enemy trenches?

A

Artillery weakened trenches soldiers advanced “over the top” then fought survivors in trenches.

146
Q

Why was the WW1 known as a war of attrition?

A

Both sides aimed to wear each other down with gains being short-lived.

147
Q

What was the aim of the German offensive at the Battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916)?

A

“Bleed France White”
-Forcing them to defend Verdun causing high French casualties.

148
Q

Who led the defence at Verdun and how did he respond?

A

General Pétain.
Ordered all available French troops to Verdun.

149
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Verdun?

A

. 23 million shells fired.
. Around 315,000 French and 280,000 German casualties.
NO SIGNIFIACANT GAINS.

150
Q

What was the goal of the Battle of the Somme (July-Nov 1916)?

A

British and French offensive to relieve pressure on Verdun by attacking German lines.

151
Q

What happened on the first day of the Batte of the Somme?

A

. 60,000 British casualties.
. 20,000 of them dead.
-By German preparedness and strong defence.

152
Q

What was the result of the Battle of the Somme?

A

. 620,000 British casualties.
. 500,000 German casualties.
. 25km by 6km gained.

153
Q

What was the aim of the Battle of Passchendaele (July-Nov 1917)?

A

British forces aimed to capture hills around Ypres for strategic advantage.

154
Q

How did the weather affect the Battle of Passchendaele?

A

. 40,000 British Empire troops.
. 300,000 Germans killed.
. 8km gained.

155
Q

Why did Turkey and Russia clash in the Caucasus Mountains early in WW1?

A

Turkey joined Germany’s side leading to conflict with Russia.

156
Q

Why did Britain and France want control of the Dardanelles?

A

. Send supplies to Russia.
. Distract Germany by forcing it to aid Turkey.

157
Q

What was Phase 1 of the Gallipoli Campaign?

A

19 February 1915
British and French ships attacked Turkish forts at the Dardanelles’ entrance.

158
Q

Who created the Gallipoli invasion plan and what was the goal?

A

Winston Churchill.
Quick victory over to Turkey to isolate Germany.

159
Q

What happened during Phase 2 of the Gallipoli Campaign on 18 March 1915?

A

Allied ships met strong resistance in the Dardanelles and retreated.

160
Q

Why was a land invasion at Galipoli launched on 25 April 1915?

A

Naval attacks failed; Lord Kitchener sent 70,000 troops instead of 150,000.

161
Q

Who were the main Allied forces in the Gallipoli land invasion?

A

ANZAC troops, British too, empire forces and some French.

162
Q

What happened at Anzac Cove during the Gallipoli Campaign?

A

Thousands of Allied troops were killed by Turkish machine guns as they left their boats.

163
Q

What were trench conditions like in Gallipoli?

A

. Harsh.
. Contamidated food and water.
. 80% contracting dysentry.

164
Q

What was the outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign by December 1915?

A

. 80,000 Allied troops evacuated.
. 200,000 casualties.
. Inavasion was abandoned.

165
Q

What were the effects of the failed Gallipoli Campaign?

A

. Turkey stayed in the war.
. Supplies couldn’t reach Russia.
. Bulgaria joined Germany’s side.

166
Q

Did the Gallipoli Campaign have any positive impact?

A

Som e damage to Turkey hindered its ability to support German fully.

GCSE's Subjects: (6 decks)

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