GCSE History: Flashcards
Under which monarch did Britain become hugely influential and form family connections with most European royal families?
Queen Victoria.
(1837-1901)
By the reign of George V who held the real power in Britain?
The elected Parliment and the government.
How many people and territories did the British Empire rule over by 1914?
400 million people in 56 territories.
Despite Britain’s wealth what social issue persisted in the early 20th century?
Most of the population lived in poverty while wealth was concentrated in a small group.
What were the signs of Britain’s declining global status before World War 1?
Other nations like the USA and Germany developed industires and grew more powerful.
What type of government did France have before World War 1?
A republic governed by an elected president.
How large was the French Empire and where was it mainly located?
The French Empire ruled around 60 million people mainly in West and North Africa.
What major event in 1870 negatively impacted France national pride?
Germany defeated France and took some of its land.
What were two key issues France faced befoer World War 1?
France falling behind Britain and Germany in trade.
Population was lower than it neighbours.
When and how was Germany created as a unified country?
In 1871 when several former states joined together.
Who ruled Germany with absolute power before World War 1?
Kaiser William II.
How did the size of the German Empire compare to other European powers’ empires?
Much smaller with territories in Africa and the Far East.
What was Kaiser William II’s main ambition for Germany?
Build and expand Germany’s empire.
What social issue persisted in Germany despite industrial growth?
Many workers remained very poor and some formed opposition groups.
Who ruled Russia in the early 1900s and what did most Russians believe about his rule?
Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia.
Most Russians believed he had been chosen to rule by God.
What challenges was Tsar Nicholas II facing in the early 1900s?
Tsar was facing increased opposition as his autocratic system was becoming less popular.
How large was Russia’s population in the early 1900s?
Nearly over 160 million.
What was notable of Russia’s ethnic diversity?
Over 200 ethnic groups.
Did Russia have overseas colonies?
No
How had Russia expanded it’s territory?
Taken control of the neighboring territory during the 19th century.
What percentage of the Russian population lived in the countryside?
Around 85%
What were the conditions like when the Russian population lived in the countryside?
Harsh. Poor harvests could lead to thousands of death. Due to starvation.
What was the role of the elected parliament formed after the 1905 riots in Russia?
Tsar Nicholas II often rejected many of the laws it passed.
What were the main types of trenches in WW1?
. Frontline.
. Support.
. Reserve Trenches.
- Connected by communication trenches.
Who held ultimate power in Austria-Hungary despite the existence of parliaments in both countries?
Emperor Franz-Josef.
Austria Hungary had their own parliments.
When was the union between Austria and Hungary formed?
1867.
What made the Austria-Hungary Empire ethnically diverse?
Many nationallities, cultures and languages.
For Austria-Hungary what are some lands calling for?
Independance.
What tensions existed within the Austria Hungary Empire?
Tensions between many of the ethnic groups within the empire.
Why was the Austria-Hungary Empire seen as being in decline?
Unpopular government and an aging emperor.
What was the purpose of the Alliance System in Europe before WWI?
Increase influence and seccurity by forming alliances.
What are the two main alliances before WWI?
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
What was the main risk of the Alliance System?
One small conflict between two nations could drag all alies into a large war.
What was the Dual Alliance of 1879?
Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Who was part of the Triple Alliance in 1882?
Germay.
Austria-Hungary.
Italy.
What did the members of the Triple Alliance agree on?
Provide military support if one was attacked by two powers.
What was the Franco-Russian Alliance?
When?
Military alliance.
France and Russia.
1892
What was the Entente Cordiale?
When?
An agreement between Britain and France.
1904
Who formed the Triple Entente?
When?
Britain, France and Russia.
Why was the Triple Entente formed?
Protect against Germany.
What was Great Britain’s military strength before WWI?
Army: 710,000
Battleships: 122
Submarines: 64
What was Germany’s military strength before WWI?
Army: 2,200,000
Battleships: 85
Submarines: 23
What was Russia’s military strength before WWI?
Army: 1,200,000
Battleships: 26
Submarines: 29
What was Austria-Hungary’s military strength before WWI?
Army: 810,000
Battleships: 24
Submarines: 6
What was Italy’s military strength before WWI?
Army: 750,000
Battleships: 36
Submarines: 12
What was France’s military strength before WWI?
Army: 1,250,000
Battleships: 46
Submarines: 73
Why did France want to take control of Morocco?
Who supported them?
For influence.
Britain supported them.
How did Germany respond to France’s intrerest in Morocco in 1905?
Kaiser visited Tangier and pledged support for Morocco’s independence.
What were Germany’s motives in supporting Morocco’s interdependence?
Test France’s limits
Challenge the Entente Cordiale
Assert Germany’s role in the world affairs
What was the Algeciras Conference and why was it held?
Prevent a war between France and Germany over Morocco.
A 1906 conference.
What was the outcome of the Angleciras Conference for Germany?
Germany was humilated as most powers backed France’s rights in Morocco.
What triggered the Second Moroccean Crisis in 1911?
A rebeillion in Fez led the Sultan to ask France for military aid.
Germany accused France of invading.
How did Germany react during the Second Moroccan Crisis?
Germany sent a warship.
Britain prepared for war.
But diplomatic meetings prevented conflict.
What were the main consequences of the Moroccan Crises for Germany?
Germany was humiliated.
Received territory in Africa.
Was unlikely to back down in future conflicts.
How did the Moroccan Crises affect Britain’s stance toward Germany?
Britain saw Germany as a threat so they began to build up a navy.
How did the Moroccan Crises impact the alliances in Europe?
Alliance between Britain and France strengthed.
Italy’s lack of support weakened the Triple Alliance.
What is a Navy?
A group of ships.
What does oppression mean?
Systematically harmed by others.
What significant event involving Kaiser Wilhem II occured in Tangier in 1905?
Kaiser visited Tangier in 1905 to support Morocco’s independance.
What was the outcome of the Algecrias Conference in 1906 regarding Morocco?
France increased it’s influence.
Why did French forces occupy Fez in 1911?
French forces occupied Fez after a rebellion in Morocco.
What action did the Kaiser take in 1911 as a show of strength during the Second Moroccan Crisis?
Kaiser sent a warship to a warship to Agadir in 1911.
What was happening to the Ottoman Empire by the early 20th century?
The Ottoman Empire was on th verge of collapse with several countries rebelling and gaining independance.
How did Austria-Hungary respond to the Ottoman Empire’s weakening?
Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia in 1908 exploiting Turkey’s weakened state.
What was Serbia’s reaction to Austria-Hungary’s actions in Bosina?
Serbia was angered and requested help from Russia.
What international response followed Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia?
Russia called for an international conference to address the situation.
How did Germany react to Austria-Hungary’s actions in the Balkans?
Despite the Kaiser’s unhappiness Germany agreed to support Austria-Hungary.
What was the outcome of Russia’s stance during the Balkan Crisis?
Russia backed down to avoid war reinforcing Austria-Hungary’s confidence in German support.
What was the reaction of Bosnians to the annexation by Austria-Hungary?
Many Bosnians were angry leading to the formation of secret opposition groups.
What led to the formation of the Balkan League?
Turkey’s weakness and defeat by Italy in 1911 prompted Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro to unite.
How did Russia view the Balkan League?
Russia supported it as an ally against Austria-Hungary.
How long did the First Balkan War last and who thought in it?
Lasted 50 days.
Balkan League and Turkey.
What was the outcome of the First Balkan War?
Turkey was defeated and withdrew from Europe.
What triggered the Second Balkan War?
Territorial disputes led Bulgaria to attack Serbia and Greece.
Which countries joined the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria?
Turkey and Romania joined against Bulgaria.
What was the result for Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War?
Bulgaria lost most of its territory from the First Balkan War.
How did the Balkan Wars affect Serbia?
Serbia nearly doughted in size and became the strongest Balkan nation.
What did Serbia aim to achieve after the Balkan Wars?
Serbia wanted to increase its influence.
Mostly Salvic people in Austria-Hungary’s territories.
How did some Serbs in Bosnia feel after the Balkan Wars?
Many Serbs in Bosnia wanted Bosnia to join Serbia.
How was Bulgaria affected by the Balkan Wars?
Bulgaria was weakened and sought revenge on Serbia.
Why did Austria-Hungary see Serbia as a threat?
Serbias:
. Growth.
. Alliance with Russia.
Which countries were the major powers at the start of the 20th century?
Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary.
What were the two main alliances in Europe?
The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
What did the Moroccan Crisis reveal?
It tested the alliance system and showed Germany’s ambitions.
What caused unrest in the Balkans in the early 20th century?
Collapse of Ottoman Empire and countries trying to increase their influence.
What was Britain’s Splendid Isolation?
Britain being independent and not relying on other ecomonic allies.
What was the Two-Power Standard?
British law stating the British navy had to be equal in size to the next two largest navies combined.
Why did Britain end Splendid Isolation?
. Germany’s rising anger.
. Alliances in Europe.
. German support for the Boers and naval expansion.
What factors led to the end of Splendid Isolation?
. Growing cooperation with France.
. German naval expansion.
. Formation of the Dual and Triple Alliance.
What marked the end of Britain’s Splendid Isolation?
1902 alliance with Japan and 1904 Entente Cordiale with France.
What were Kaiser Wilhelm II’s aims?
. Build Germany’s military strength.
. Establish a global empire.
. Rival Britain and France through Weltpolitik.
Why did Kaiser Wilhelm II want a large navy?
Help build an empire and rival Britain’s naval power.
What were the consequences of the Kaiser’s policies?
. Increased tensions in Europe.
. Other nations concerned about German’s ambitions.
. Responding by building up their own navies.
What was the arms race in Europe before WW1?
By 1914 major European powers spent nearly £400 million on their armies and navies with most introducing conscrription (except Britain).
How did European powers prepare for war?
. £400 million on armies and navies.
. Introduced/increased conscription.
. Developed military plans for quick mobilization.
What was Germany’s military plan (Schilieffen Plan)?
Defeat France quickly before Russia could organise its troops.
What is an Arms Race?
Two or more countries.
Why did the Naval Race begin?
Kaiser wanted to rival Britain’s powerful navy.
What were the German Navy Laws?
Laws to increase the German Navy’s size.
How did Britain respond to Germany’s naval expansion?
By building Dreadnoughtd the most powerful battleships of the time.
What were “Super Dreadnoughts”?
More advanced battleships built by Britain after Germany created its own Dreadnoughts/
What was Britain’s initial approach to foreign policy before the 20th century?
“Splendid Isolation” of avoiding alliances.
Why did Britain end its policy of Splendid Isoloation?
. Changes in Europe.
. Germany’s naval expansion.
-Then Britain formed alliances.
What was the Kaiser goals for Germany?
Incerase power and influence of Germany.
What was the aim of Serbian nationalists in the late 1800’s?
Unite all Serb areas in the Balkans.
How did A-H (Austria-Hungary) anger Serbian nationalists in 1908?
Taking over Bosnia which had a large Serb population.
Who were the Black Hand?
A secret Serbian group opposing Austarian control.
Why did A-H send Franz Ferdinand to Sarajevo in 1914?
Show power on Serbia’s national day.
How did the Black Hand prepare for the assassination?
Trained 7 students to attack him.
What happened during the first assassination attempt?
A bomb was thrown but missed Franz Ferdinand’s car.
How did Gavrilo Princip assassinate Franz Ferdinand?
Shot him after the car stopped near him by mistake.
What was the impact of Franz Ferdinad’s assassination?
Shocked Europe, escalated tensions this led to WW1.
What did A-H demand from Serbia after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?
A-H demanded from Serbia-
. Take responsibility.
. Remove Anti-Austarian groups under A-H police supervision.
How did Serbia respond to A-H demands?
Serbia agreed to all demands except allowing A-H police in Serbia.
What action did A-H take on July 28 1914?
A-H declared war on Serbia and began bombing Belgrade.
What happened on July 29 1914 in response to A-H declaration of war?
Russia prepared its troops to support Serbia.
How did Germany respond to Russia’s troop mobilization on July 30 1914?
Germany called on Russia to stop mobilizing triggering their alliance with A-H.
What happened on August 1 1914 when Russia refused to halt mobilization?
Germany declared was on Russia. France prepared to support Russia.
Why did Germany invade Belgium on August 3 1914?
Germany invaded Belguim as part of the Schlieffen Plan to reach France.
How did Britain respond to Germany’s invasion of Belguim?
Britain bound by a treaty to protect Belguim declared war on Germany.
Which countries declared war by August 6 1914?
Germany and A-H .VS. Russia, France, Britain and Serbia
What was the goal of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan?
Avoid a two-front by quickly defeating France then focusing on Russia.
How did Germany plan to outflank France in the Schlieffen Plan?
Sending troops through Belguim, Luxembourg and Netherlands.
What changes did General von Moltke make to the Schlieffen Plan in 1906?
Reduced troops and excluded advancing through the Netherlands.
How did Belguim and Britain impact the Schlieffen Plan?
Belguim resisted and Britain sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) delaying Germany.
Why did the Schlieffen Plan ultimately fail?
Belguim’s resistance, British intervention, supply delays and Russia’s fast mobilization.
What happened at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914?
British and French forced the Germans to retreat leading to trench warfare.
What was the “Race to the Sea”?
Both sides moved towards the English Channel establishing trenches and a stalemate.
How did the Western Front develop?
After the Battle of the Marne both sides dug trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland.
What was something different form the Eastern Front from the Western Front?
Eastern Front was more mobile streching from Riga to the Black Sea.
What setbacks did A-H face on the Eastern Front?
Heavy losses and retreat against nearly half a million Russian troops.
What was “No Man’s Land”?
Area between the two-front lines.
Why were trenches built in a zigzag pattern?
. Conatain blasts.
. Enemy gunfire to 1 section of the trench.
How did German and British trenches differ?
German trenches were deeper and beter built anticipating a long conflict while British trenches were more temporary.
What was a soldier’s typical rountine in the trenches?
. Guarding and repairs.
. Monthly rotation.
. 4 days front line.
. 4 days support.
. 8 days reserve.
What conditions did soldiers face regarding hygiene in the trenches?
. Trench foot.
. Poor hygiene.
. Lice.
. Rat infestions.
. Diseases.
What was “shell shock”?
Mental health condition suffered by soldiers due to constant combat stress.
How were soldiers’ letters home handled?
Letters were sent and received weekly but were censored to prevent valuable information reaching the enemy.
Describe the food soldiers had in the trenches:
. Basic meals= Stew, bread and hard biscuits.
. Treats= Bacon, cheese and rum.
What was artillery used for in WW1?
Weaken enemy lines before an attack. Caused about 60% of all wounds.
What was the purpose and imapct of machine guns in WW1?
. Could fire up to 10 bullets per second.
. Requires 2-4 men.
. Caused 40% of British casualties.
When and by whom was poisonous gas first used in WW1?
April 1915.
Germany.
How were tanks initally used and how did they envolve?
Britain.
1916.
Envolved by over the war.
What standard weapons did WW1 soldiers carry?
Rifles with bayonets, grenades and some flamethrowers.
What was a typical WW1 attack plan on enemy trenches?
Artillery weakened trenches soldiers advanced “over the top” then fought survivors in trenches.
Why was the WW1 known as a war of attrition?
Both sides aimed to wear each other down with gains being short-lived.
What was the aim of the German offensive at the Battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916)?
“Bleed France White”
-Forcing them to defend Verdun causing high French casualties.
Who led the defence at Verdun and how did he respond?
General Pétain.
Ordered all available French troops to Verdun.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Verdun?
. 23 million shells fired.
. Around 315,000 French and 280,000 German casualties.
NO SIGNIFIACANT GAINS.
What was the goal of the Battle of the Somme (July-Nov 1916)?
British and French offensive to relieve pressure on Verdun by attacking German lines.
What happened on the first day of the Batte of the Somme?
. 60,000 British casualties.
. 20,000 of them dead.
-By German preparedness and strong defence.
What was the result of the Battle of the Somme?
. 620,000 British casualties.
. 500,000 German casualties.
. 25km by 6km gained.
What was the aim of the Battle of Passchendaele (July-Nov 1917)?
British forces aimed to capture hills around Ypres for strategic advantage.
How did the weather affect the Battle of Passchendaele?
. 40,000 British Empire troops.
. 300,000 Germans killed.
. 8km gained.
Why did Turkey and Russia clash in the Caucasus Mountains early in WW1?
Turkey joined Germany’s side leading to conflict with Russia.
Why did Britain and France want control of the Dardanelles?
. Send supplies to Russia.
. Distract Germany by forcing it to aid Turkey.
What was Phase 1 of the Gallipoli Campaign?
19 February 1915
British and French ships attacked Turkish forts at the Dardanelles’ entrance.
Who created the Gallipoli invasion plan and what was the goal?
Winston Churchill.
Quick victory over to Turkey to isolate Germany.
What happened during Phase 2 of the Gallipoli Campaign on 18 March 1915?
Allied ships met strong resistance in the Dardanelles and retreated.
Why was a land invasion at Galipoli launched on 25 April 1915?
Naval attacks failed; Lord Kitchener sent 70,000 troops instead of 150,000.
Who were the main Allied forces in the Gallipoli land invasion?
ANZAC troops, British too, empire forces and some French.
What happened at Anzac Cove during the Gallipoli Campaign?
Thousands of Allied troops were killed by Turkish machine guns as they left their boats.
What were trench conditions like in Gallipoli?
. Harsh.
. Contamidated food and water.
. 80% contracting dysentry.
What was the outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign by December 1915?
. 80,000 Allied troops evacuated.
. 200,000 casualties.
. Inavasion was abandoned.
What were the effects of the failed Gallipoli Campaign?
. Turkey stayed in the war.
. Supplies couldn’t reach Russia.
. Bulgaria joined Germany’s side.
Did the Gallipoli Campaign have any positive impact?
Som e damage to Turkey hindered its ability to support German fully.
Why was control of the sea important in WW1?
To ensure supplies could reach civilians at home and soldiers abroad.
Why were both sides reluctant to engage their naives?
The risk of damage and becoming vulnerable to attack.
What was the purpose of Britain’s blockade of Germany in November 1914?
Prevent vital supplies from reaching Germany by declaring the North Sea a war zone.
What were the effects of the British blockade on Germany?
. Damaged industry by lack of coal, oil and steel.
. Food shortages.
. 420,000 Germans starved during the war.
. Shortage of medicines led to untreated soliders and civilians.
. Decreased German support.
What was the German plan for theBattle of Jutland in May 1916?
Lure the British Navy into the open sea and trap them using the rest of the German fleet.
How did the British prepare for the Battle of Jutland?
They decoded German messages and knew what to expect.
What were the results of the Battle of Jutland?
Stalemate:
Germany- Victory. Number of ships destroyed and casulaties inflicted.
Britain-Victory. Germany fled, needed repairs and remained in harbour for the rest of the war.
What were German U-boats used for?
Targeting poorly defended British cargo ships.
How did Britain counter U-boat attacks?
. Laid mines and used disguised warships (Q-ships).
. Introduced convey systems with warships and aircraft for protection.
What was the effect of the British convoy system?
Reduced the number of succsessful U-boat attacks.
Why was the sinking of the Lusitania significant?
Helped bring the USA into the war.
What were planes initially used for during the war?
Observe enemy troop movements and spot artillery.
How did planes help save lives in the war?
By providing intelligence that allowed troops to avoid danger.
What were dogfights in World War 1?
Aerial battles between fighter planes.
What was the significance of pilots known as “aces”?
Skilled pilots who shot down many enemy planes.
How were bomb intially dropped from planes?
Small bombs were dropped manually over the side by pilots.
How did bomber planes improve by the end of the war?
Fly further and drop larger bombs.
What were Zeppelins and how were they used?
German airships.
Used to attack British, French and Belguin cities.
How many Zeppelin raids occured in Britain in 1915 ans what were the consequences?
20 raids
188 deaths
When did Italy join the war and on which side?
Italy joined the war in 1915.
Side on the Allies.
How many battles did Italy fight against Austria-Hungary and what was the result?
Italy fought 11 battles between 1915-17
Advancing no more than 10 miles.
What happened at the Battle of Corpetto in 1917?
German defeated Italy nearly knocking them out of the war.
Why was Italy able to continue fighting after 1917?
Due to support from Britain and France.
Which country joined Germany and A-H in October 1915 and what did they do?
Bulgaria joined and attacked Serbia.
Where did Allied troops land to help Serbia and what was the outcome?
Landed in Salonika, Greece but were unable to advance leading to stalemate.
Where did British and Indian troops fight the Turks and what was the result?
Mesopotamia.
RESULT- Turks back to their border after inital Turkish victories.
How did Arabs contribute to the fight against Turkish troops?
Arabs used “hit and run” tactics supported by T.E Lawrence.
Which battles led to the final defeat of the Turks?
Battles of Beersheba and Megiddo.
Which German colony was captured by the British and French in the first month of the war?
Togoland.
When was Cameroon fully captured by the Allies?
February 1916.
Who captured German South West Africa and when?
(Battle of Jutland)
South Africans fighting for Britain captured it.
May 1916.
How long did German East Africa resist Allied attacks and with how many troops?
It resisted until the end of the war with 12,000 German and African troops.
What did Japan capture in August 1914?
German colonies in the Pacific Ocean and German-controlled territory in China.
What territories did ANZACs capture?
German colonies in Samoa and New Guinea.
Name 2 dramatic developments in the warfare during WW1?
Use of areoplanes and naval blockades.
Where else was the WW1 fought beside Europe?
In Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
What were the effects of the war on Russia?
. Poor leadership.
. Lack of equipment.
. Heavy defeats.
. Food shortages.
. Over a million deaths by 1916.
What action did Tsar Nicholas II take to improve Russia’s military situation?
He placed himself in direct control of the military but his lack of experience worsened the situation.
What was the impact of Russia’s war efforts on civillains?
Suffered by food shortages and starvation by loss of workers to the army and poor infrastructure.
What happened in Russia in 1917?
. Riots
. Strikes
. Mutinies occured
. Leading to the Tsar’s abdication on 15 March and the establishment of a provisonal government.
What role did the Bolsheviks play in the Russian Revolution?
Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisonal government in October 1917 promising to end the war quickly.
What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
A peace treaty.
In 1918.
Russia to withdraw war by giving large territories to Germany.
What was the impact of Russia’s withdrawal from the war?
Britain and France were angry Germany moved troops to Western Front and the land/resources gained eased problems caused by British blockades.
Why did the USA remain neutral at the start of the war?
. Refused to take sides.
. American banks lending $2 billion to the Allies and selling goods.
What led to the USA joining the war in 1917?
. Germany’s attacks on USA ships
. Secret talks with Mexico
. Pushed USA into war in 1917
What was the impact of USA involvement in the war?
USA’s entry was a hug boost for Brit and France.
A blow to Germany
What happened to Russia in the war?
Russia suffered greatly experienced 2 revolution and withdrew from the war after signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.
How did the Russian withdrawal affect Germany?
Geramny had a significant advantage as they could focus on the Western Front not worrying about Eastern Front.
When did the USA enter the war?
April 1917
What 4 key measures did the British develop to counter German U-Boat attacks?
. Mines
. Depth charges
. Q-Ships
. Convey system
Name 2 technological advancements in sea warefare by 1918:
. Hydrophones (detect U-Boats)
. Floatplanes
What was the main impact of sea warefare technology:
Reduced the effectiveness of German U-Boats.
What improvements made planes more effective during WW1?
. Stronger materials
. Larger fuel
. Tanks
. Machine gun synchronization
. Radio Communication
What roles could planes perform by 1918?
. Reconnaissance
. Ground troop support
. Attacks on enemy territory or ships
What was the major impact of air warfare advancements?
Allowed warfare to extend to the air, revolutionzing military strategy.
When were tanks first used and what was their initial limitation?
Used at the Battle of the Somme in 1916.
Slow and unreliable.
What was the impact of the tanks at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917?
Over 400 tanks crossed Geraman lines. Gaining 8km of land with fewer losses.
How did German leaders respond to tank development?
Countermeasures but underestimated tanks’ potential falling behind the Allies.
What advancements were made in artillery during WW1?
. Special shells
. Creeping barrage tactic
. Larger guns
. Mine warfare
What was the range of German artillery by March 1918?
130km
Reaching Paris from the front line.
How did improved artillery impact the war?
Enabled significant damage to enemy lines before and during attacks.
What territory did the Germans gain during the Spring Offensive?
Pushed 60km into British territory taking control of the area around the River Somme.
What was the purpose of infilitartion tactics?
Stealthily destroy enemy machine gun posts ahead of a main attack.
How did infilitarion tactics affect casualties?
Reduced casualites, though they still remained high.
Who was appointed as the commander of Allied troops in March 1918?
Ferdinand Foch.
Experienced French General
What was the imapct of a unified Allied command?
Allowed quick action to halt the German Spring Offensive and launch counter-attacks.
Why did Ludendorff plan the Spring Offensive in late 1917?
Russia was out of the war and American troops had not yet arrived.
What was Ludendorff’s main strategy for the Spring Offensive?
Attack Fremch and British lines with a 5-hour ‘Hurricane Bombardment’ followed by stromtrooper ground attacks.
When did the Spring Offensive begin and what it involve?
21st March 1918.
5-hour artillery bombardment followed by mustard gas and stormtrooper attacks.
What were the British losses on the first day of the Spring Offensive?
21,000 dead
35,000 wounded
21,000 taken prisoner
What problems did the Germans face despite their initial success?
220,000 German soldiers were killed and supply lines couldn’t keep up with the advancing troops.
How did the Allies respond to the Spring Offensive?
British and French troops united under General Foch and attacked German salients from 3 sides.
What was the impact of American involvement by June 1918?
50,000 American soldiers were arriving each week.
What happened during the Allied counter-attack in July 1918?
Germans were pushed back to the River Marne after their final attack failed.
What marked the start of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive?
8th August 1918
Allies launched attacks at Amiens advancing deep into German territory.
What was Ludendorff’s reaction to the Allied attack at Amiens>
By him calling it-
‘Black day of the German Army’
What progress did the Allies make during the Second Battle of the Somme?
Captured cities like Albert, Noyon and Bapaume.
What was the state of the German forces by September 1918?
Pushed back to the Hindenburg Line and began retreating.
How did the Allies finally break through the German lines?
Meuse-Argonne Offensive and attacks near Ypres forced a full German retreat.
Why did countries increase production during the war?
Meet demand for weapons and equipment. Governments took control of industries:
Mines
Railways
Factories
What roles did women take on during the war?
Agriculture, police, ambulance services and replacong men who are fighting.
How did food shortages affect Germany?
British blockade led to maximum price controls, ‘meatless’ days and rationing.
How did Britain respnd to food shortages?
Rationing was intoduced to ensure fair distribution of food.
What caused civillian anger in Germany?
Suffering from short shortages and the blockade led to protests, including demands for an end to the war.
How were governments overthrown during the war?
Russia (1917) and Germany (1918) uprisings removed old systems of government.
How was the landscapeaffected in France and Belguim?
Fighting destroyed:
75,000 houses
20,000 factories
48,000 km of roads in France
How did civillians experience direct enemy attacks?
Airships and planes carried out attacks on civillians in Germany, France, Britain and Belguim.
What state was Germany in by September 1918?
Close to collapse
Food shortages
Flue epidemic killing thousands
Army near defeat
How did the Kaiser try to address growing unrest in Germany?
He reluctantly transferred some powers to the German parliament.
What happened in Kiel on 28th October 1918?
German sailors mutined and refused to attack British ships.
How did the mutiny in Kiel escalate?
It spread to other areas and soldiers sent to stop it joined in.
When did Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate and what happened afterward?
9th November 1918 and fled Germany.
Friedrich Ebert formed a temporary government and ended the war.
What did the armistice terms require Germany to do?
. Cease fighting within 6 hours.
. Surrender occupied land in Belguim, Luxembourg and France.
. Allies occupied land west of the River Rhine.
. Return submarines, battleships and other equipment.
. Accept the naval blockade and agree to pay for war damages.
Why was Germany defeated in WW1?
Naval blockade- Starved Germany of supplies.
USA Entry- Boosted allies which weakened Germany.
Spring Offensive- Weakened Germany after gains.
Russian Revolution- Inspired unrest in Germany.
Tanks- Allies an advantage.
Defeat of Allies- Left Germany isolated.
German Revolution- Riots and mutinies led to surrender
What caused Germany to surrender?
Naval blockade
US involvement
Loss of Allies
Internal unrest
Inability to sustain the war effort.
What hardships affected people on the home fronts during WWI?
Food shortages- (caused by) Enemy blockades
U-Boat attacks
What were the key reasons for Germany’s defeat?
Naval Blockade
US entry
Spring Offensive Failure
German Revolution
Tank advancements
What are the two types of government in the USA?
Central Federal Government
State Government.
Where is the Central Federal Government based and what does it oversee?
Washington DC:
Foreign affairs, army and postal service.
Who runs the Central Federal Government?
The President
Cabinet of advisors
Congress
What is the role of State Governments?
They make their own laws, have their own police and courts and are led by a governor.
What is the Republican Party’s stance on government and taxes?
They prefer laissez-faire policies and oppose high taxes.
Where did the Republican Party have the most support?
In the industrial, richer North.
What is the Democratic Party’s focus?
Helping the poor and intervening in everyday life when necessary.
Where did the Democratic Party have most support?
Poorer Southern States.
What is the Bill of Rights?
Part of the constitution that guarantees freedoms. Right to vote and freedom of belief.
By 1919 which groups were denied the right to vote in some states?
Women, African Americans and American Indians.
Why is America described as a “melting pot”?
Diverse population with over 100 nationalities by the early 1900s.
How did the First Americans lose much of their land?
White settlers took it forcing them into reservations.
Who were WASPS?
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
What was the WASPS influence in America?
Held the most wealth, jobs and political power.
Where did new immigrants mainly come from after 1850?
Eastern and southern Europe Ireland, China, Japan and South America.
What challengers did new immigrants face?
Poverty, litteracy and discimination from WASPs.
When did slavery end in the USA?
1865
By the 1920s what were common challenges faced by African Americans?
Poverty, lack of voting rights, housing and education.
Where were most African Americans located by 1920?
Southern states.
What is an economic boom?
A period when businesses do well, sales are high, wages increase and unemployment is low.
How did WW1 contribute to America’s economic boom?
. USA loaned money to Allies
. Sold food and equipment
. Leading producer of goods like medicines and dyes.
Why was the USA in a strong economic position after WW1?
It had no wartime debts and its resources were exploited by skilled inventors and businesses.
What was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff?
High tax on imports, making foreign goods exspensive and encouraging Americans to buy US products.
How did the Republican government support businesses?
. By cutting taxes
. Promoting Laissez-faire policies
. Introducing tariffs on imports
How did electricty contribute to the consumer society?
It powered modern gadgets like vacuum cleaners, radios and refrigerators boosting factory jobs.
What is a gramophone?
Record players.
How did the motor industry impact the economy?
It used large amounts of US steel, leather and rubber creating jobs in these industries.
What is mass production and how did it help the economy?
It allowed goods to be made cheaply and quickly. Products being more affordable.
What were new ways to buy goods in the 1920’s?
. Billboards
. Catalogues
. High purchase plans this let people pay in installments.
What is the ‘Cycle of Prosperity’?
Mass Production > Jobs > Spending > Goods bought > Jobs opportunities
What were the key features of the 1920’s consumer society?
. Modern gadgets
. Advertising
. Catalogues
. High purchase plans boosted sales and jobs.
When and where was the first Ford factory built?
1903 in Detroit, Michigan.
What production method did Ford intorduce in 1913?
The assembly line.
How did the assembly line impact car production?
Cars were made quicker and cheaper.
How much did the Model T cost in 1911 and 1928?
$800 in 1911
$295 in 1928
How many Model Ts were sold between 1911 and 1928?
15 million
What industries benefited from the motor boom?
. Steel
. Rubber
. Glass
. Roads
. Petrol stations
. Roadsides services
Name one positive and one negative social change from the motor industrial boom:
P= Freedom to live father from work
N=Traffic jams, accidents, pollution
Why was the Ford Model T popular?
. Affordable
. Reliable
. Easy-to-change parts
How many cars were on American roads by 1926?
Nearly 20 million
1 in 2 was a Ford.
How do shareholders make money?
Through dividends and selling shares at higher prices.
What is ‘buying on the margin’?
Burrowing money to buy shares with a 10% deposit, paying the rest from profits.
How many Americans owned shares in 1920 compared to 1929?
4 million in 1920
20 million in 1929
How was wealth distributed in 1920s America?
Unequally richest 5% earned 33% of all mony while 42% of families earned less than $1000 a year.
How did large industrial firms maintain high profits?
By paying low wages to unskiled workers.
Why did farmers struggle in the 1920s?
. Less demand from Europe
. High-tech farming
. Overproduction
How many farmers lost their farms in 1924?
Around 600,000.
Why did coal miners suffer in the 1920s?
. Oil
. Gas
. Electricity
- Replaced coal for heating and cooking.
Why did cotton and wool workers suffer?
. New synthetic fibres.
. Shorter dresses reduced demand for their products.
How were African-Americans affected by economic problems?
Many were poor farm labourers or sharecroppers. Declined farming hit them the hardest.
What happened when African-Americans moved to cities?
Find low paid jobs.
Why were American Indians living in poverty?
Land seized by:
. Mining companies
. Reservations had poor soil
. Lower life expectancy
. Poor education
What contributed to the 1920s economic boom?
Motor industry
Stock market growth
Did all Americans benefit from the boom?
No:
Millions in rural areas + Traditional industries remained poor.
Why is the 1920s called the “Roaring Twenties”?
Decade of:
. Social and cultural change
. Loud music
. New entertainment
Why is the 1920s sometimes called the ‘Jazz Age”?
Popular by spreading from southern states to big northern cities.
What are the keyfeatures of jazz music?
. Improvisation
. Fast tempos
. Lively rhythm
Why did jazz appeal to young people?
It was:
. Loud
. Lively
. Popular in dancehalls, bars and nightclubs.
Name 3 famous jazz musicians of the 1920s:
Louis Armstrong
Duke Elington
Bessie Smith
What were some popular dances of the 1920s?
The Charleston
One Step
Tango
Why did some older people criticize jazz?
Believed it encouraged drunkness and sexualised dancing.
Where did the US film industry grow rapidly in the 1920s?
Hollywood, California
How much did weekly movie audiences grow between 1919 and 1930?
From 35 million to 100 million.
What was the “star system”?
Studios promoted actors through media exposure to boost their popularity.
Name 3 famous actors of the 1920s:
Charlie Chaplin
Rudolph Valentino
Clara Bow
How many films did Hollywood studios produce per year by 1929?
Over 500
What was the first feature-length “talkie” film? When released?
The Jazz Singer in 1927
Why did some people criticize Hollywood films?
Sexual content influencing young people.
What was the Hays Code?
Strict rules banning nudity and other controversial content in films.
Why was the 1920s called the “golden age” of American sports?
Sports stars became celebrities and major events gained mass audiences.
Name 2 famous sports of the 1920s:
Babe Ruth (baseball)
Bobby Jones (golf)
How did sports reach a larger audience?
Through radio broadcasts, newspaper and magazines.
What were some popular crazes of the 1920s?
. Mahjong
. Pole sitting
. Marathon dancing
How did life change for some American women in the 1920s?
. More women lived independently.
. Less likely to stay in unhappy marriages.
. Dressed more freely.
. Smoked.
. Drank in public.
What was the status of women before World War 1?
. Women couldn’t vote.
. Restricted lives.
. Expected to behave modest.
. Limited job opportunities.
. Worked in low-paid roles.
How did World War 1 impact women’s roles?
. Women took over men’s jobs.
. Gained independence.
. Their war efforts contributed to getting the vote in 1920.
. By 1920, 10.5 million women had jobs.
Who were flappers?
Young, independent women from middle and upper classes in northen states.
Challenged traditional valuesand wore daring clothes.
Why did some people oppose flappers?
Traditionalists saw them as a threat to;
. Family life
. Religion
. Values
Did all women experience change in the 1920’s and why?
NO
-Women in rural and southern areas saw little chnage. Continued working low paid jobs and remained unequal to men.
What was Prohibtion?
Nationwide ban on the production, importation, transportation of alcohol in the USA from 1920 to 1933.
Why was Prohibtion introduced?
It was introduced due to concerns over morality rural America’s fears of alcohol-fueled crime, religious, opposition and patriotism against German-brewed beer.
How did morality influence Prohibition?
Some politicians believed alcohol contributed to declining moral values and that banning alcohol would make America healthier and better.
Why did rural Americans support Prohibition?
They saw cities as places of alcohol-fueled violence and crime and supported pressuer groups like the Anti-Saloon League.
How did religious organizations contribute to Prohibition?
Many churches opposed:
. Alcohol
. Blamed social issues like violence and poverty addiction and death.
How did patriotism play a role in Prohibition?
Many American beers were German-made and during WW1, drinking them was seen as unpatriotic.
How was Prohibition enforced?
1500 agents tried to locate and shut down places that sold alcohol. Arresting offenders and confiscating alcohol.
Why was enforcing Prohibition difficult?
USA had 18,600 miles of coatline and borders making it easy for smugglers to bring in alcohol from Mexico and Canada.
How did criminal gangs contribute to Prohibtion’s failure?
. Speakeasies.
. Bootlegged alcohol.
. Made moonshine while bribing police
. Prohibition agents
. Border guards
. Judges
What were Speakeasies?
illegal bars that sold bootleg alcohol often hidden in cellars or private hotel rooms.
What was moonshine?
Homemade, illegal spirit sold in speakeasies.
How did organised crime grow due to Prohibition?
Gangs expanded into;
. illegal alcohol
. Gambling
. Prostitution
. Racketeering
. Leading to widespread police corruption
Who were some well-known gangsters during Prohibition?
AL Capone and ‘Lucky’ Luciano.
How much money did AL Capone make from organised crime?
He made $2 million a week at the height of his power.
Why were gang leaders rarely arrested?
. Bribed police and officials
. Witnesses were too scared to testify against them.
What was the impact of Prohibtion on American soceity?
Led more speakeasies, organised crime and police corruption instead of reducing crime and immorality.
How many speakeasies existed by 1933?
Around 200,000 across the USA, with more in New York than legal bars before Prohibition.
Why did the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA) oppose Prohibition?
Argued it violated personal freedom and made people lose respect for the law.
What economic argument was made against Prohibition?
Repealing it would create jobs in brewing and allow the government to tax alcohol instead of criminals profiting.
How did Franklin D.Roosevelt contribute to the repeal of Prohibition?
He opposed Prohibition during his 1932 presidential campaign, won the election and repealed it in early 1933.
Why did many people emigrate to America between 1850 and 1914?
. European cities were overcrowded
. Land was expensive
. Poverty was widespread
America offered;
. Better wages
. Cheap land
. Religious and political freedom
. The American Dream
Where did many new immigarnts to America come from in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
Many came from southern and eastern Europe.
How did large ethnic communities form in American cities?
Immigrants settled in groups, forming communities like Little Italy in New York.
Why some immigrants resented in American cities?
. Many were poor
. Spoke little English
. Unfamiliar religious and cultural traditions
. Often being Jewish/Catholic in a mostly Protestant country
Why did WW1 increase American suspicion of immigrants?
The war heightened fears of ‘foreigners’ and after the 1917 Russian Revolution, some Americans worried Russian immigrants might attempt a similar uprising.
What was life like for many immigrants in America?
Some achieved success, but many lived in poor conditions, worked for low wages and faced discrimination.
Why did some Americans believe immigrants were taking jobs?
Immigrants often worked for very low wages leading to resentment from American workers.
What was the 1917 Immigration Law (Literacy Act)?
It banned immigrants over 16 who could’nt read a 40-word sentence.
What was the 1921 Immigration Quota Law?
It limited immigration to 350,000 people per year.
What was the 1924 National Orignins Act?
It furthered reduced immigartion to 150,000 people per year.
When was slavery abolished in the USA?
1865
What were Jim Crow Laws?
Laws that enforced segregation, preventing African-Americans from using the same facilities as white people and reestricting their voting rights.
How were African-American treated under Jim Crow Laws?
. Segregated in public places.
. The military.
. Some states banned mixed race marriages.
Why did many African-Americans move North?
. Better job opportunites.
. Higher wages.
. Black population in cities ex; Chicago and New York.
What challenges did African-Americans face in Northern cities?
. Last to be hired.
. First to be fired.
. Lived in poor housing.
. Faced discrimination in employment.
What was the cause of the 1919 Chicago race riot?
Black youth accidentally entered a “whites-only” beach, sparking violence.
What was the Black Renaissance?
Cultural movement in Harlem where black poets, artists flourished. Promoting black pride.
What was the NAACP?
The National Association Advancement Coloured People. Set up by WEB Du Bois to fight for African-American rights.
When was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) founded and why?
In 1860s.
To terroize African-American and prevent them to vote.
Why did the KKK regain popularity in 1915?
“The Birth of a Nation” ~A film
Made the Klan as protectors.
Who were the main members of the revived KKK?
Poor white Protestants from rural Southern and Western states who blamed:
. Black people.
. Immigrants.
. Jews.
. Catholics.
What methods did the KKK use to intimidate people?
. Whipping
. Lynching (hanging people)
. Kidnapping
. Castration
What led to the decline of the KKK in 1925?
Klan leader was convicted of rape and murder, exposing the Klan’s secrets leading the membership to drop 5 million to 300,000.
Why did some Americans fear immigrants?
Bringing ‘un-American’ ideas. Mostly communism which was feared after the Russian Revolution in 1917.
Why was communism feared in the USA?
Americans worried that a communist revolution could happen in the USA. Nearly 1.5 million Russians had immigrated.
What was the ‘Red Scare’?
Period of fear in the USA, driven by concerns about communism, anarchism and radical political movements.
Who were anarchists and whuy were they feared?
Opposed organised governments, believing in voluntary cooperation. They were feared because anarchist had assassinated President McKinley in 1901.
What were the ‘Palmer Raids’?
Series of arrests in 33 cities where around 6000 suspected communists were detained. But, there was little evidence of a communist plot was found.
What triggered the ‘Palmer Raids’?
A bomb destroyed the home of Alexander Mitchell and another bomb killed 30 people in New York.
What do communists believe?
Workers should unite, overthrow ruling classes and share wealth equally among all citizens.
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
Two Italian-born immigrant anarchists accused of robbing a shoe factory and murdering two staff in 1920.
Why was Sacco and Vanzetti trial controversial?
. Evidence was weak.
. Judge was biased.
. Many believed of their race and polotical beliefs.
What was the outcome of the Sacco and Vanzetti trial?
Found guilty and exucted by electric chair on 23 August 1927 despite golbal protests.
What did the Sacco and Vanzetti case reveal about 1920s America?
Widespread intolerance towards immigrants and political radicals.
What was Prohibition?
Nationwide ban on alcohol production, importation, transportation and sale from 1920-1933.
What were the effects of Prohibition?
Widely ignored, diffucult to enforce and led to a rise in organized crime.
Why were immigrants resnted in some cities?
. Poverty.
. Speech issues with English.
. Unfamiliar traditions and religions.
How were African Americans treated in the South?
. Segregated.
. Faced discrimination and violence especially from the KKK.
Why did many Afrian Americans move north?
. Better pay wages.
. Job opportunites.
. New industries.
Why was playing the stock market popular in the 1920s?
Share prices constantly rose, allowing investors to buy and sell shares for quick profits.
Why did banks lend money to stock market investors?
They expected to get their money back quickly with intrest.
What caused the Wall Street Crash?
. Falling profits.
. Overproduction.
. Lack of confidence.
. Panic selling of shares.
Why did inequalities of wealth contribute to the crash?
. Americans not affording goods.
. Factories were overproducing.
Why did US companies struggle to sell goods abroad?
Foreign governments imposed tariffs (tax) on American goods.
Why did shareholders begin to lose confidence in 1929?
Doubted companies woild keep making large profits.
What happened when people started to panic?
More people sold shares (small part ownership in a company) lowering prices as they tried to attract buyers.
What was ‘Black Thursday’?
October 24th 1929
13 million shares were sold, which dropped.
What happened after Black Thursday?
Panic selling continued. On 29th October 16 milliom shares were sold.
How much money did shareholders lose in the crash?
$8 billion.
Why did banks go bankrupt after the crash?
Borrowers couldn’t repay loans causing 659 banks to go bust in 1929.
How did ordinary people lose their savings?
When banks went bankrupt, some lost all their money.
What did the term ‘Great Depression’ describe by 1930?
Effects of the Wall Street Crash- Factory closures, bank failures and record unemployment.
How were ordinary shareholders affected by the Depression?
Millions lost their fortunes, sold valuables to repay loans and struggled with rent and homelessness.
How were the very rich affected by the Depression?
Some lost part of their wealth from shares or factories but many with property and land were mostly unaffected.
How were businessmen and their workers affected by the Depression?
. Factory owners cut production.
. Wages and jobs.
. Fewer goods were sold.
. Local businesses like restaurants also closed.
What happened to farmers during the Great Depression?
Many couldn’t repay debts and lost their farms; drought and poor methods caused Dust Bowls that ruined farmland.
What was the impact on bank managers during the Depression?
Lost their jobs as banks went bust.
What were the overall unemployment effects by 1932?
. 12,000 people lost jobs daily.
. 20,000 companies closed.
. 13 million unemployed.
. 25% of the labour force.
What were Hobos and Hoovervilles?
Hobos= Jobless workers travelling for work illegally.
Hoovervilles= Shanty towns made of scrap by the homeless.
What was President Hoover’s belief about recovery?
‘Rugged individualism’
People should overcome their problems through hard work. Not government help.
What actions did Hoover take during the Depression?
Set up Reconstruction Finance Corporation, funded job schemes and offered state aid but little money was accepted.
What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff and its effect?
. A tax on foreign goods to help U.S sales.
. Led other countries to tax US goods
. Hurting exports and businesses.
How did violence and protest appear during the Depression?
Farmers in lowa resisted eviction; 25,000 ex-soldiers (Bonus Army) were forced out of D.C by the army in 1932.
Who were the two main canidates in the 1932 presidential election?
Herbert Hoover (Republican) and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democrat).
What was Herbert Hoover’s background?
. Orphaned at 8.
. A multimillionaire through mining.
. Then entered politics.
What were Hoover’s political beliefs?
. Republican
. Believed in ‘laissez-faire’ and ‘rugged individualism’.
How did Hoover respond to the Depression?
At first did little. Later lent money to businesses and states. Began construction projects but was unpopular and a poor speaker.
What was Franklin Roosevelt’s background?
. Privately educated.
. From a rich family.
. Paralysed by polio in 1921.
What political party did FDR belong to and why?
Democrat.
Possibly influenced by his wife Eleanor. But, his family were mostly Republicans.
What was FDR’s political experience?
. Helped organise the navy in WW1.
. Governor of New York from 1928.
What did FDR do to help during the Depression in New York?
Spent $20 million of tax money helping the unemployed.
What were the ‘3Rs’ promised by FDR?
Relief- For those in need
Recovery- Government job schemes
Reform- Prevent future depressions
What was the ‘New Deal’?
FDR’s promise of relief, recovery and reform to help Americans during the Depression.
Why was FDR popular with voters?
. Great public speaker.
. Toured the country.
. Overcome disability.
. Offered hope with the ‘New Deal’.
What was the outcome of the 1932 election?
FDR won by a landslide one of the biggest election victories in US history.
What caused the Great Depression?
The 1929 Wall Street Crash which caused banks to fail and millions to lose money.
Why did banks go bankrupt after the Crash?
People couldn’t repay loans used to buy shares.
What was the impact of the Great Depression?
Economic collapse and hardship across America.
How effective was Hoover’s response to the Depression?
Too little, too late. Made him unpopular.
What was FDR’s promise to the American people in 1932?
A ‘New Deal’ to help them recover from the Depression.
What marked the first 100 days of FDR’s presidency?
More action to end the Depression than had been seen since it began; ‘laissez-faire’ ended.
What was the Emergency Banking Act?
All banks closed and inspected. Only honest well-run ones reopened and got loans to help businesses grow and create jobs.
What was the Economy Act?
Cut government employees’ pay by 15% saving nearly $1 billion.
What was the Beer Act?
Ended Prohibition and allowed the government to raise money by taxing alcohol.
What were the ‘Alphabet Agencies’?
New organisations to tackle US problems named by initials. To create more jobs to restart the economy ‘priming the pump’.
What did the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Agency) do?
. Paid farmers to produce less.
. Food prices rose and incomes increased but criticized for drestroying food while people went hungry.
What did TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) do?
Provided work building dams and power stations in a poor area of America.
What did the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) do?
Gave jobs to jobless 18-250year-olds creating 2.5 million jobs.
Who opposed the New Deal and why?
The Rich- Angry over higher taxes.
Business People- Disliked interference and worker rights.
Supreme Court- Declared AAA and NRA illegal. By helping farmers was a state issue.
Republicans- Thought Roosevelt made government too powerful and acted like a dicator.
What alternative idea did Francis Townsend suggest?
Everyone should retire at 60 to open jobs for younger people.
