GCSE - Geography Paper 1 UK Flashcards
I went on a boat trip on summer but the waves were low then i did it again later in the year and the waves were tall. Why was it like that?
Constructive waves are more common in the summer and destructive in the summer
What is the process called when sediment is taken away from the beach?
Coastal erosion
How are hard rock coast different to soft rock coast?
Hard rock has resistant, strong rock (igneous rock)
Soft rock has less resistant rock like clay and sandstone.
How are joints and faults similar?
They both are weaknesses that are caused are caused naturally weaken rocks and can make arch stacks and stump.
Are cracks are smaller that joints
No they aren’t
Where do you find erosional and depositional landforms?
Discordant coastline
Where are you most likely to find erosional landforms only?
Concordant coastlines
In concordant coastline prevailing wind is ____________ to the coastline.
Parallel
Which type of coastline would you be most likely to find caves, cliffs and bays?
Concordant
Which coastline has bays?
Discordant
What does hydraulic action do to cracks?
Air and water goes into cracks and pressure builds up and makes it bigger.
What does abrasion do?
Rocks that break off go on top of waves and hit the cliff with the rocks and water.
What is solution?
It is when acids hits chalk or limestone and dissolves it
What is attrition?
It makes rocks hit each other and becomes smaller and smoother
What effects the destructiveness of waves?
The wind speed, strength, duration and fetch
Explain the progression of arch stacks and stumps
Hydraulic action goes into cracks and air and water create pressure and makes cracks bigger into a fault and it carries on into a cave then forces through into a arch and then pressure from no support means that they fall leaving a stack and then waves weaken the stack causing it to fall and then into a stump
How does LSD work?
The sediment that was pushed by the waves by prevailing wind cause it to to go up on the swash and then gravity pulls it down the quickest way to the sea and swash does it again and again.
How are spits formed?
LSD carries on until they reach the edge and then they go off and sudden changes in prevailing wind makes those spikes.
How are beaches formed?
Beaches are formed when sediment that got eroded off the side of the cliff falls down and LSD makes it go into the bay because of sheltered condition where the bay is.
How is a bar formed?
When a LSD creates a spit across the water when it reaches the other side or reaches land then it creates a bar the water behind it is a lagoon.
How do groynes slow down LSD?
As LSD occurs the sand carries on but gets stuck by the groynes then beach nourishment can make the beach go flat again but constant beach nourishment must happen.
How does industry effect coastline?
Industry like boat docking when spits are formed they want it not form a bar so ships can still dock there because the area behind the spit is calm. Also when shops and high value places are there it makes the value of the coastline increase making the cost for beach management better than lower value places
Why is sea level rising?
Sea level is rising because ice on land is melting because the green house effect is increasing with pollution and makes it melt quicker. And thermal expansion means when water is given more energy(heat) it expands
How bad will sea level rising get?
If there was a 2m rise in sea levels then the the surround of the UK will be shortened, especially the east coast of the UK
How will climate effect erosion?
If at a hotter climate place thermal expansion increase sea levels along with melting ice on land and the greenhouse effect. This means the point where waves meet the cliff it will erode quicker
How will climate effect deposition?
As erosion increases loads of sediment gets dumped into the sea waves pick it up and drop it off at land.
Give one example hard sea management
Groynes. The break the wave causing it to break earlier, but it also stops LSD.
Give one example of soft sea management.
Beach nourishment. Where they bring in bulldozers and they put the sand back where it was before.
Give three differences of hard and soft sea management.
- hard is more expensive than soft.
- hard is more obvious to see than soft.
- hard works against nature, soft works with nature
Why are ICZM management better than others?
- They look at the coast as a whole (what is next to that area)
- They look at how much that area is valued
Give a definition, approximate age, 3 examples and location in UK of igneous rocks
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They are 4.5 billion years old. Basalt, granite and andesite all found in the lowlands around everywhere is Scotland.
Give a definition, approximate age, 3 examples and location in UK of sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and cementation of that material at the Earth’s surface and skeletons of aquatic creatures. 250 million years of age. Oolitic limestone at central England, millstone grit at north an England slates and shales at Wales.
Compare metamorphic and igneous rock
Igneous rocks are formed by magma from the molten interior of the Earth. When magma erupts it cools to form volcanic landforms. When it cools inside the Earth it forms intrusive rock, which may later be exposed by erosion and weathering. Intrusive rock will have large crystals as it has cooled slowly. Magma that has cooled on the surface is known as extrusive rock. This will have a small crystals as it has cooled quickly. Whilst, metamorphic rock has been under a lot of heat and pressure, which made it change into metamorphic rock not igneous. It is usually resistant to weathering and erosion and is therefore very hard wearing.
Compare the formation and characteristics of granite and carboniferous limestone.
Granite was formed intrusively from magma cooling but, carboniferous limestone is formed by stones falling to the bottom and the skeletons of dead fish and other stones compacted it down and then cementation made them stick together. Granite contains crystals of quartz (glassy), feldspar (white), mica (shiny black) and is very resistant. On the other hand carboniferous limestone is permeable with underground rivers, passages and caves and is generally resistant.
Compare the formation and characteristics of chalk and slate.
Chalk was formed like limestone but younger and purer but slate formed by heated muds or shale. Chalk is very porous medium resistance but stronger than clays and younger sands. Slate is very resistant.
Explain when and how active volcanoes shaped the uplands of the UK.
That material could be any combination of magma, which is lava once it reaches Earth’s surface, rock fragments, ash, and gas. The different shapes of these landforms are determined by how the magma flowing out of specific volcanoes and how quickly they cool.
Explain how glacial erosion and deposition shaped the UK uplands.
.glaciers eroded massive chunks of land away and created valleys and the deposition have created moraines.
Explain when and how sedimentary rock was formed across the UK Lowlands.
Million of years ago the UK was underneath tropical water and stones and skeletons have fallen and compacted and cemented and been in layers/strata.
Explain how glacial deposition shaped the UK Lowlands.
As a huge glacier covered all of Ireland, Scotland and Wales it erodes parts of the lowlands and deposited a lot of rocks and fertile land onto the lowlands.
Explain how scarp and vale topography forms in the UK Lowlands.
This is when two plates come and cumple and push each other on top of one another and goes up. And then glaciers erode it away and we are left with jagged scraps which are the edges and vale which is the base and a river would be here but the water froze letting water run off and then melt back into the ground to the sea.
Compare the weathering that is found in the uplands and lowlands.
There is solution weathering on limestone but it is slow. Their is also physical and biological weathering in a lot of parts in the UK
Compare misfit rivers and dry valleys (location, characteristics, formation).
Misfit rivers are located at valleys and are called misfits because they are small, thing, go in between the dips of land of valleys they are formed by glaciers melting and leaving water behind. Dry valleys are when there is now water but has clearly been eroded and has visible marks of water. It is formed by water going into cracks and freezing and then the water goes away and then it melts and water goes through the ground.
Explain how glaciers have affected both landscapes.
Glaciers have been covering Scotland, Ireland and Wales for a long time moving, plucking, transporting materials, rocks and minerals. So uplands have been eroded by glaciers and lowlands have been deposited by glaciers.
Explain 2 ways humans have affected the Upland landscape
They use it for farming lands and cattle grazing and cutting down Forrest and making artificial Forrest’s just to cut down cut down and sell for the economy.
Explain 2 ways humans have affected the Lowland landscape.
The land here was deposited by glaciers so the land is very fertile and flare which makes it perfect for farms and also settlements becuase it is easier to use flat lands than jagged edges
