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GCSE AQA TRIPLE SCIENCE - Biology > GCSE AQA Biology - Topic 1 - CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

GCSE AQA Biology - Topic 1 - CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells are plant and animal cells?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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2
Q

What type of cell are bacterial cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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3
Q

What type of cell is bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What 3 components do all eukaryotic cells have?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA stored in the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the equation to calculate magnification?

A

Magnification = observed image size/actual size

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6
Q

What is 2.34x105 when not in standard form?

A

234000

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7
Q

What is 2.34x10-5 when not in standard form?

A

0.0000234

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8
Q

What is 300000000m/s in standard form?

A

3x108m/s

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9
Q

What 5 organelles do most animal cells contain?

A

A nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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10
Q

What extra organelles, aside from the animal organelles, do plant cells contain?

A

Chloroplasts, a vacuole and a cell wall.

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11
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To release energy through respiration

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To build proteins

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To keep the structure and support a plant cell

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14
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control what enters and leaves a cell

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15
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

To make food through photosynthesis, and contains chlorophyll

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16
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To control the cell activities and stores DNA

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17
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The site of cellular reactions

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18
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

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19
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell which has adapted unique features to perform its function(DIFFERENTIATION)

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20
Q

What are sperm cells specialized for?

A

Reproduction

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21
Q

Why do sperm cells have a tail?

A

To allow them to swim

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22
Q

Why do sperm cells have mitochondria near their tail?

A

To release energy quickly to the site of movement

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23
Q

Why do sperm cells have an acrosome?

A

It contains digestive enzymes to digest through the eggs’ cell membrane

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24
Q

Why do sperm cells have a streamlined shape?

A

To help them swim efficiently

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25
What are nerve cells specialized for?
Rapid Signalling
26
Why do nerve cells have a long axon?
To allow them to transmit an impulse quickly and to cover more distance
27
What are muscle cells specialized for?
Contraction
28
Why do muscle cells have lots of mitochondria?
To release lots of energy needed for them to contract
29
Why do muscle cells line up in the same plane?
To increase the force they can produce
30
What are root hair cells specialized for?
Absorbing water and minerals
31
Why do root hair cells need a large surface area to volume ratio?
To increase the amount of water and nutrients that can move into the cell
32
Define osmosis
The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
33
How does water move into a root hair cell?
Via osmosis
34
Why do root hair cells have a large vacuole
To push mitochondria near to the cell membrane
35
Why do root hair cells have lots of mitochondria
Absorbing minerals through active transport requires energy.
36
What are Ploem and Xylem cells specialized for?
Transporting substances
37
What adaptations do xylem cells have?
A tube of dead cells connected end to end, strengthened by lignin.
38
What adaptation do sieve cells have?
Tubes arranged by sieve filaments and sieve plates to allow nutrients to flow.
39
What is cell differentiation?
The specialisation of a cell
40
When do cells differentiate in animals?
At an early stage in development
41
When do cells differentiate in plants?
Throughout their life
42
What is the function of cell division in mature animals?
Repair and replacement
43
How have microscopes helped us to understand cells?
They have allowed us to see inside in much more detail
44
How is an electron microscope different to a light microscope?
It has much higher magnification and resolution to see more detail inside a cell
45
What is DNA coiled into?
Chromosomes
46
Where do you find chromosomes?
In the nucleus
47
What is a gene?
A short section of DNA that codes for a trait or characteristic
48
What is the cell cycle?
A series of stages in cell division
49
What must happen to genetic material before a cell can divide?
It must be replicated (doubled)
50
What happens to organelles inside the cell before division?
Their numbers are increased
51
How many copies of each chromosome do you have before division?
2
52
How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal body cell have?
23 pairs
53
What happens in mitosis? DONT INCLUDE IN PHYSICAL FLAHCARDS
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and are then pulled to each end.
54
How does the cell form 2 new cells? DONT INCLUDE IN PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS
The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide into two.
55
What can be said about daughter cells after mitosis?
They are identical and contain the exactly the same DNA
56
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell
57
What happens to stem cells in embryos?
They can become any cell
58
What happens to stem cells in meristem in plants?
They differentiate into any type of plant cell
59
What happens to adult stem cells in the bone marrow?
They become blood cells
60
How can we use embryonic stem cells?
Clone them to make them differentiate into most different types of human cells
61
What 2 examples of diseases could we treat with stem cells?
Diabetes and paralysis
62
In therapeutic cloning, how do we stop the stem cells being rejected by the patient's body?
We produce them with the same genes as the patient
63
What problems are there with stem cells?
Possible transfer of viral infection and some ethical and religious objections
64
What is a clone?
An identical copy
65
How can we use cloning for rare species?
Save them from extinction
66
How can we use cloning to protect plants?
Clone plants with special features such as disease resistance
67
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
68
What gases diffuse in gas exchange?
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
69
What waste product from cells do we excrete from our kidneys into our urine?
Urea
70
How does a high concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?
It speeds it up
71
How does high temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
Particles have more kinetic energy so it happens faster
72
How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?
Higher surface area is more space for diffusion to occur
73
Why do alveoli have a folded wall?
To increase surface area?
74
Why are capillaries one cell in diameter?
To maintain the concentration gradient
75
Why are alveoli moist?
So that gases diffuse more readily
76
What three things affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration gradient, surface area and temperature.
77
Why do single celled organisms not need lungs?
They have a large surface area:volume ratio so can get everything through diffusion
78
How do you calculate surface area:volume ratio?
Work out surface area and volume and identify the ratio between them.
79
How are the small intestine adapted?
Microvilli increase surface area, they have lots of capillaries
80
How are roots adapted for diffusion?
They have a very large surface area from hair like extensions
81
How are gills adapted for diffusion?
They have a huge surface area, and blood flows opposite to water to maintain a concentration gradient.
82
What four things increase the rate of diffusion in organisms?
A large surface area, a thin membrane (short diffusion path), an efficient blood supply and (in animals) being ventilated.
83
How do you calculate percentage loss/gain in mass of plant tissue?
Change in mass/initial mass x 100
84
What does 20% sucrose solution tell you?
A solution is 20% sucrose (sugar) and 80% water
85
What is active transport?
The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against the concentration gradient).
86
What does active transport require that diffusion and osmosis do not?
Energy
87
What is absorbed into roots through active transport?
Mineral ions
88
What is absorbed through active transport in the intestines?
Sugar
89
Where is sugar used in the body?
In respiration

GCSE AQA TRIPLE SCIENCE - Biology (9 decks)

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