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Biology A- Level > GCSE - A Level Transition Vocab > Flashcards

GCSE - A Level Transition Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula to calculate magnification ?

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

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2
Q

Why are cells stained before being viewed with a light microscope ?

A

Staining increases contrast between different cell components, makes them visible, and allows them to be
identified

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3
Q

What is an eyepiece graticule?

A

A glass disc that fits on top of the eyepiece lens that is marked with a fine scale from 1 to 100

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4
Q

What is a stage micrometer ?

A

A microscope slide with a very accurate scale in micrometers (µ) engraved on it

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5
Q

What is a scientific drawing ?

A

A labelled line drawing that is used to highlight particular features and does not include unnecessary detail or shading, it should always have a title and state the magnification

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6
Q

What is resolution ?

A

The ability to see individual objects as separate entities

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus ?

A

Controls the metabolic activities of the cell as it contains genetic information in the form of DNA

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8
Q

What is the nucleolus ?

A

Area within the nucleus that is responsible for producing ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the function of mitochondria ?

A

Site of production of ATP in the final stages of cellular respiration

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10
Q

What are vesicles ?

A

Membranous sacs that are used to transport materials in the cells

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11
Q

What are lysosomes ?

A

Specialised forms of vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste material in cells

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12
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton ?

A

Controls cell movement, movement of organelles within the cell, and provides mechanical strength to the cell

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13
Q

Name the three types of cytoskeletal filaments

A

Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate fibres

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14
Q

Give two types of extension that protrude from some cells

A

Flagella (whip-like protrusions) and cilia (tail-like protrusion)

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15
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ?

A

A network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae

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16
Q

What is the functions of the two types of ER ?

A

Smooth ER - lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage
Rough ER - synthesis and transport of proteins

17
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?

A

Plays a part in modifying proteins and packaging them into vesicles

18
Q

What are monomers?

A

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

19
Q

What are polymers?

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

20
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that joins two molecules together to form a chemical bond whilst eliminating of a molecule of water

21
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

22
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

23
Q

How is a glycosidic bond formed?

A

A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

24
Q

Name the three main examples of polysaccharides ?

A

Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose

25
Q

Describe Benedict’s test for reducing sugars

A

Gently heat a solution of a food sample with an equal volume of Benedict’s solution for five minutes, the solution turns orange/brown if reducing sugar is present

26
Q

Name the two main groups of lipids

A

Phospholipids, Triglycerides (fats and oils)

27
Q

Give four roles of lipids

A

Source of energy, waterproofing, insulation, protection

28
Q

Describe the emulsion test for lipids

A

Mix the sample with ethanol in a clean test tube, shake the sample, add water, shake the sample again, a cloudy white colour indicates that lipid is present

29
Q

What are the monomers that make up proteins?

A

Amino acids

30
Q

Draw the structure of an amino acid

A

R
|
H(2)N — C — COOH
|
H

31
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

A condensation reaction between two amino acids

32
Q

What is a polypeptide ?

A

Many amino acids joined together

33
Q

Describe the biuret test for proteins

A

Mix the sample with sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature, add very dilute copper(II) sulfate solution, mix gently, a purple colour indicates that peptide bonds are present

34
Q

How does an enzyme affect a reaction?

A

It lowers the activation energy

35
Q

Give five factors which can affect enzyme action

A

Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, inhibitor concentration

36
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

A molecule with a similar shape to the substrate, allowing it to occupy the active site of the enzyme

37
Q

What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

A molecule that changes the shape of the enzyme by binding somewhere other than the active site

Biology A- Level (1 decks)

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