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A-Level Biology > GCSE- A-Level headstart > Flashcards

GCSE- A-Level headstart Flashcards

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1
Q

proteins

What are proteins made of?

generally

A

long chains of amino acids

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2
Q

proteins

How many different amino acids are used in proteins?

A

20

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3
Q

proteins

what elements do all proteins contain?

what do some contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

sulfur

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4
Q

proteins

What are proteins held together by?

A

the amino acids in a protein chain are attached by strong peptide bonds

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5
Q

proteins

How can amino acids be arranged

how many amino acids can make a protein

A

in any sequence

up to several hundred amino acids

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6
Q

proteins

what decides the structure and function of a protein

A

the order of amino acids in a protein decides its structure which decides its function

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7
Q

proteins

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

the order in which amino acidsare arranged in a protein chain

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8
Q

proteins

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

when chains coil up or fold into pleats that are held together by weak forces of attraction called hydrogen bonds. The coils and pleats are the secondary structure

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9
Q

proteins

what is the tertiary structure of proteins

A

The coiled chain of amino acids is folded into a ball thats held together by a mixture of weak chemical bonds (hydrogen) and stronger bonds (disulfide)

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10
Q

proteins

what is a globular protein

A

when the protein has a roughly spherical shape

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11
Q

carbohydrates

What 3 elements do carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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12
Q

carbohydrates

examples of the several types of carbohydrates

A

sugars, starch, cellulose

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13
Q

carbohydrates

what are sugars?

physically

A

small water-soluble molecules that taste sweet

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14
Q

carbohydrates

what two groups are carbohydrates divided into

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides

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15
Q

carbohydrates

what are monosaccharides

A

the single units from which all other carbohydrates are built

glucose and fructose are both types of monosaccharides

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16
Q

carbohydrates

when are disaccharides formed

what is also formed

A

when 2 monosaccharides are joined by a chemical reaction

water since it is a condensation reaction

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17
Q

carbohydrates

glucose+glucose–>

A

maltose+ water

maltose= disaccharide

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18
Q

carbohydrates

glucose+fructose–>

A

sucrose+ water

sucrose= disaccharide

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19
Q

carbohydrates

what is a polysaccharide

example?

A

a polymer (long chain molecules created by repeating units of monomers- in this case monosaccharides)

an example= starch, cellulose

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20
Q

carbohydrates

which 2 different polysaccharides is starch made up of?

A

amylose
amylopectin

both are polymers of glucose

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21
Q

carbohydrates

what is cellulose

A

a polymer of glucose where the molecules are bonded weakly by hydrogen bonds making cellulose molecules long and straight

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22
Q

carbohydrates

what are microfibrils

A

created when several cellulose molecules lie side by side, they strengthen plant cell walls

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23
Q

carbohydrates

where is cellulose found

A

only in plant cells

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24
Q

lipids

what 3 elements do lipids contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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25
Q

lipids

what are lipids

generally

A

oils and fats

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26
Q

lipids

what are plant oils and fats made of

A

a group of lipids called triglycerides

27
Q

lipids

what is a triglyceride made up of

A

a molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached to it

28
Q

lipids

what is a fatty acid molecule

A

a long chain of carbon atoms with an acid group (-COOH) at one end.

hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon atoms

29
Q

lipids

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

if every carbon atom n the chain is joined by a single bond

30
Q

lipids

what is an unsaturated fatty acid

A

if one or more of the bonds in the chain of carbon atoms is a double bond

a fatty acid with many double bonds is polyunsaturated

31
Q

lipids

what are phospholipids

A

they are like triglycerides but instead of having 3 fatty acid chains they have 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

cell membranes are made from a double layer of phospholipids

32
Q

enzymes

what is metabolism

A

the sum of thousands of biochemical reactions that take place every second in a living cell

33
Q

enzymes

what is a metabolic pathway

A

a single chain of biochemical reactions

34
Q

enzymes

what are enzymes

A

they are biological catalysts which increase the rate of reactions

35
Q

enzymes

what is activation energy

what do enzymes do to activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

they reduce the amount of activation energy required for a reaction

36
Q

enzymes

what type of proteins are enzymes

A

globular proteins

they are roughly spherical

37
Q

enzymes

an example of enzymes breaking down molecules

A

digestive enzymes help break down food into smaller molecules e.g. carbohydrases break down carbohydrates

38
Q

enzymes

an example of enzymes building molecules

A

enzymes involved in DNA replication help to build molecules e.g. DNA polymerase

39
Q

enzymes

what is a substrate

A

a substance thats acted upon by an enzyme

40
Q

enzymes

what is an active site

A

the region on the surface of an enzyme where a substrate can attach itself (enzyme-substrate complex) where the catalysed reaction takes place

the shape of substrate and active site are complimentary

41
Q

enzymes

what does it mean when an enzyme is specific

A

an enzyme only catalyses one specific chemical reaction since only one substrate will be the correct shape

42
Q

enzymes

how does temperature affect enzyme activity

A

as temp increases enzyme reactions become faster because the molecules have more energy

43
Q

enzymes

what happens to enzymes if the temperature gets too high

A

they vibrate rapidly and break the weak bonds that hold the tertiary structure this changes the shape of the active site and the enzyme becomes denatured

44
Q

enzymes

how does pH affect enzyme activity

A

acids and alkalis denature enzymes
hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) in alkalis can disrupt the weak bonds and change the shape of the active site

45
Q

cell structure

what are organelles

A

parts of cells- each one has a specific function

46
Q

cell structure

4 things animal and plant cells have in common

A
  1. NUCLEUS-contains genetic material thats controls what the cells do
  2. CYTOPLASM-contains enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions
  3. CELL-SURFACE MEMBRANE- holds cell together and controls what goes in and out
  4. MITOCHONDRIA- where glucose and oxygen are use in respiration to provide energy to the cell
47
Q

cell structure

3 things plant cells have that animal cells dont

A
  1. RIGID CELL WALL- made from cellulose and gives the cell support
  2. VACUOLE- contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
  3. CHLOROPLASTS- contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
48
Q

cell structure

How big is a prokaryote compared to a eukaryote

A

prokaryotes are roughly tenth the size of a eukaryote

49
Q

cell structure

how is the DNA stored in a prokaryote

A

they dont have anucleus so the DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm
some prokaryotes also have rings of DNA called plasmids

50
Q

microscopes

how much can a light microscope magnify objects

A

up to 1500 times

51
Q

microscopes

what does a light microscope allow you to see

A

individual cells and organelles inside
1. if stained the nucleus is visible and is darker than the cytoplasm
2. tiny mitochondria and the black line of the cell membrane= visible
3. in plant cells the cell wall, chloroplasts and the vacuole can be seen

52
Q

microscopes

by how much can an electron microscope magnify objects

A

they can magnify objects more than 500,000 times

53
Q

microscopes

what is the image thats recorded by an electron microscope called

A

an electron micrograph

54
Q

cell structure

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

55
Q

cell structure

what is DNA

A

the coded information needed for making proteins

56
Q

cell structure

what happens to the chromosomes during cell division

A

the chromosomes carrying the long DNA molecules coil up, becoming shorter and thicker

57
Q

cell structure

how big are mitochondria

A

about the size of bacteria so can be seen with a light microscope

58
Q

cell structure

word equation for aerobic respiration in mitochondria

A

glucose+oxygen–> carbon dioxide+water (+enrgy)

59
Q

cell structure

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

60
Q

cell structure

what is ATP used for in cells

A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. active transport
  3. building large molecules
61
Q

cell structure

what is the cell wall made of

A

bundles of long straight cellulose molecules (microfibrils)

62
Q

cell structure

describe the membranes of a mitchondrion

A

each mitochondrion has a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane

63
Q
A

A-Level Biology (2 decks)

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