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C2 > gcse > Flashcards

gcse Flashcards

1
Q

isotopes

A

different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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2
Q

relative atomic mass

A

the average mass of the isotopes of an element. it allows for the relative mass of each isotope and it’s relative abundance

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3
Q

in the 1800s they

A

put elements in order of atomic mass and noticed periodic patterns in the properties of elements

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4
Q

Dmitri Mendeleev

A

arranged 50 or so elements according to their properties. placed elements with similar properties in vertical groups

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5
Q

differences in periodic tables

A

now it is in order of atomic number not mass
noble gases
gaps filled

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6
Q

structure of ionic bonds

A

closely packed regular lattice and strong electrostatic forces of attraction
high mp
conducts electricity when aqueous or molten

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7
Q

compounds end in ide when

A

two elements

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8
Q

compounds end in ate

A

when three of more elements

and one is oxygen

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9
Q

carbonate

A

CO3(2-)

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10
Q

Sulphate

A

SO4(2-)

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11
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH-

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12
Q

nitrate

A

NO3-

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13
Q

common salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium

A

soluble

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14
Q

nitrates

A

soluble

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15
Q

chlorides

A

soluble except lead and silver

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16
Q

sulfates

A

soluble except barium lead and calcium

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17
Q

common carbonates and hydroxides

A

insoluble except sodium potassium and ammonium

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18
Q

sodium ions

A

yellow / orange flame

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19
Q

potassium ions

A

lilac flame

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20
Q

calcium ions

A

brick red flame

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21
Q

copper ions

A

blue-green flame

22
Q

testing for carbonates

A

add acid and test if gas coming off is CO2

23
Q

testing for sulfate ions

A

add hcl and barium chloride solution

24
Q

testing for chloride ions

A

add nitric acid and silver nitrate solution

25
Q

elements found by spectroscopy

A

rubidium and caesium

26
Q

features of covalent substances

A

weak intermolecular forces
low bp and mp
mostly gases and liquids at room temp
don’t conduct electricity

27
Q

giant molecular covalent substances

A

strong covalent bonds
high mp
don’t conduct
insoluble in water

28
Q

diamond

A

four covalent bonds in each atom and giant rigid structure makes it really hard , good for cutting tools

29
Q

graphite

A

three covalent bonds creating sheets of atoms that can slide over eachother
good lubricant
layers held loosely so can be rubbed off onto paper why it is a good pencil
spare delocalised electrons
good conductor

30
Q

fractional distillation of liquid air

A

air filtered to remove dust
cooled to become miscible liquids
during cooling water vapour condenses and is removed
co2 freezes and is removed
liquified air is then put in column and heated
gases are separate by fractional distillation. Oxygen and Argon come out together so another column is used to seperate them

31
Q

rf

A

distance travelling by substance / distance travelled by solvent

32
Q

typical characteristics of metals

A

malleable

conductors

33
Q

characteristics of transition metals

A

high MP

colourful compounds

34
Q

structure of metals

A

giant structure containing lattice of ions and delocalised electrons
insoluble

35
Q

alkali metals

A

soft
low MP
react with water to form hydroxides (alkaline) and hydrogen

36
Q

chlorine

A

poisonous, fairly reactive dense green gas

37
Q

bromine

A

dense poisonous orange liquid

38
Q

iodine

A

dark grey crystalline solid

39
Q

halogens react with metals

A

to form salts called metal halides

40
Q

halogens react with hydrogen

A

to form hydrogen halides
soluble
dissolve in water to form acidic solutions

41
Q

argon

A

inert atmosphere in filament lamps stops filaments burning away
inert atmosphere stops welded metals reacting with oxygen

42
Q

examples of exothermic reactions

A

combustion

explosions

43
Q

example of endothermic reactions

A

photosynthesis

ammonium nitrate dissolving in water

44
Q

sulfur cross experiment

A

sodium thiosulfate and hcl

45
Q

catalyst

A

a substance which changes the speed of a reaction without being used up in the reaction

46
Q

catalytic converters

A

increases the rate at which CO and unburnt fuel react with oxygen to form CO2 and H20
has large surface area and works best at high temps

47
Q

high temp

A

more particles colliding with enough energy to make reaction happen
more frequent collisions as they are moving faster

48
Q

high conc

A

more particles of reactant in the water

more frequent collisions

49
Q

larger surface area

A

increases its surface area means larger area to react with so more frequent collisions

50
Q

catalysts

A

solid catalyst sticks to reacting particles and lowers the amount of energy required for a reaction, meaning more successful collisions

51
Q

why are yields always less than 100%

A

incomplete reactions
practical losses during prep
unwanted reactions

52
Q

how do companies save money

A

do reactions that have high percentage yield, make most of materials
all products commercially useful and no dangerous waste
reaction is safe and speedy

C2 (1 decks)

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