GC2

Question 1

What are the three types of ageing?

Answer 1

Normal ageing - gene related decline
Pathological ageing - accelerated decline due to disease states
Successful ageing - maintenance of physical and mental health in absence of disease

Question 2

What is the effect of exercise on ageing?

Answer 2

Increased functional reserve

Increased lifespan and longevity

Question 3

What are ADLs and is it considered as exercise?

Answer 3

Activities of daily living
e.g. getting dressed, walking around, cleaning etc

Physical activity is involved but generally not much. Exercise defined as planned, structured physical activity, and this is what benefits ageing

Question 4

What is the definition of exercise

Answer 4

Physical activity that is structured and/or planned and is performed to maintain health or fitness

Question 5

What percentage of the elderly report taking part in any regular physical activity?

Answer 5

29%

And this may be an exaggeration

Question 6

What does lack of regular exercise in the elderly suggest about ageing?

Answer 6

Perhaps ageing is a state of chronic exercise deficiency?

Question 7

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 7

Loss of muscle mass. Sarcopenia increases with age.

Decrease in muscle cells are lost as a result of atrophy and loss

Question 8

What are the consequences of sarcopenia?

Answer 8

Decreased resting energy expenditure
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Decreased muscle mass and strength
Increased risk of falls and disability
Increased risk of mortality

Question 9

What are the benefits of exercise (regardless of age)?

Answer 9

Weight loss (decrease in adipose and increase in lean body mass)
Decreased blood pressure
Increased aerobic capacity
increased strength
Increased insulin sensitivity
Increased bone mass
Increased emotional well being

Question 10

What are benefits of exercise in the elderly?

Answer 10

Decreases rate of sarcopenia
Improves cardiovascular/aerobic capacity - which has further effect on sacopenia
Any exercise maintains functional reserve

Question 11

What is effect of exercise on muscle oxidative enzyme capacity?

Answer 11

Increases muscle oxidative enzyme capacity

Question 12

What is the effect of exercise on muscle protein synthesis?

Answer 12

Stimulates muscle protein synthesis

Question 13

What would be the effect of exercise and high protein diet on muscle protein synthesis?

Answer 13

Increase

Question 14

What is protein homeostasis a balance between and how is this imbalanced in ageing muscle cells?

Answer 14

Protein homeostasis is balance between protein synthesis and degradation

In ageing, balance is skewed so that more protein is degraded than is being synthesis

Question 15

What can rebalance the impaired protein homeostasis seen in ageing muscle cells?

Answer 15

Exercise

Exercise increases protein synthesis in aging muscle cells

Question 16

What does mTOR stand for and how may it be involved in age related changes in protein synthesis?

Answer 16

Mechanistic target of rapamycin

Major regulator of protein synthesis
Damage or mutations in mTOR may result in reduced protein synthesis

Question 17

What signalling pathway is mTOR thought to be involved in and how might this link to aging?

Answer 17

mTOR is downstream of insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) receptor

Production of IGF-1 stimulated by GH. GH reduced in aging, causing less mTOR activation. mTOR is major regulator of protein synthesis, so GH reduction may be responsible for reduced protein synthesis

Question 18

What is inflammaging?

Answer 18

Chronic low grade systemic inflammation that occurs during physiological ageig

Question 19

What is the inflammatory effect of adipose accumulation between tissues and in muscle?

Answer 19

Increases release of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines

Exercise would prevent accumulation of fat between tissues and in muscles, so could reduce these proinflammatory effects

Question 20

What is the effect of IL-6 on IGF-1 and what is this effect associated with?

Answer 20

IL-6 inhibits the anabolic effects of IGF-1 in muscle

This is associated with weakness in the obese elderly

Question 21

How does exercise counteract inflammaging?

Answer 21

Exercise causes decreased adipose and increased lean muscle mass

Adipose accumulation between tissues and in muscle causes release of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines such as IL-6

Question 22

What is the possible target of reservatrol?

Answer 22

SIRT1, member of the sirtuins family of enzymes

Question 23

What type of enzyme is SIRT1 and what does it do?

Answer 23

NAD histone dependent deacetylase

Decetylates diverse histone and non-histone proteins

Question 24

What are the anti-aging effects of SIRT1?

Answer 24

Thought to mediate effects of calorie restriction on longevity and cell metabolism

Down regulation of NFKB-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine expression

Question 25

What is the effect of SIRT1 on inflammation and how does it cause this?

Answer 25

Reduces inflammation

Down regulation of NFKB-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine expression

Question 26

What was aim of Lanza 2008 experiment and what were results?

Answer 26

To find out if mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin desensitivity were normal aspects of aging or secondary to physical inactivity

Reduced insulin insensitivity probably due to increased adiposity and physical inactivity
Normal age-related mitochondrial activity could be nomalised by endurance training

Question 27

The longevity promoting effects of exercise are thought to occur through pathways shared with what other longevity promoting technique?

Answer 27

Calorie restriction

Question 28

What are potential therapeutic methods of preventing sarcopenia?

Answer 28

Antioxidants

HSP inducers