GB1 - Topic 2 Development Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different ways in which development can be measured?
A
- Economic (economic growth - how rich a country is)
- Social (measuring the improvement in standards of living)
- Political (is the political system stable, meeting the population’s needs)
2
Q
What are the different types of development indicators/ measures?
A
- Economic
- Social
- Political
- Environmental
- Composite
etc.
3
Q
What is does GDP measure?
A
It measures economic development
- total value of goods and services a country produces annually
4
Q
What is GDP per capita? What does it measure?
A
- Gross Domestic product per person
-Total values of the goods and services of a country divided by the population - Allows a comparison between nations, but doesn’t show the distribution of wealth or take informal economy into account
5
Q
What is GNI? What does it show?
A
- Gross National Income
- Total value of goods and services (GDP) taking wealth made outside of the country into account
6
Q
What is PPP? What does it show?
A
- Purchasing power parity
- Total value of goods and services taking wealth made outside of the country into account (GNI), taking living cost variations into account
- (1 dollar in India buys more that 1 dollar in the US)
7
Q
What is the Gini Coefficient?
A
- Shows the inequality within distribution of wealth
- from 0-1: 0 means no inequality (everyone has same income)
- 1 means a single person has all the GDP
8
Q
Name some economic development indicators.
A
GDP, GNI, PPP, Gini Coefficient
9
Q
Name a political development indicator, and state what it shows.
A
Corruption perception index (CPI) - from 0 (corrupt) to 100 (clean)
10
Q
Name some social development indicators.
A
Literacy rates, fertility rates, infant mortality rates
11
Q
Name a composite development indicator and what it shows.
A
- HDI (Human development index)
- takes life expectancy, education and income into account
- given a score (1 most developed, 0 is least)
12
Q
Name 4 demographic indicators of development?
A
- Maternal/Infant mortality rates
-fertility rates
-death rates
-population structures
13
Q
Define Maternal Mortality rates.
A
The average number of women dying in childbirth.
14
Q
Define infant mortality rates.
A
The number of children who die before their first birthday.
15
Q
Define Death rates.
A
The number of deaths per 1000 people yearly.
16
Q
What do population pyramid structures show?
A
- The ratio of female: males
- The spread of the population (if the population is top-heavy is it greying) etc.
17
Q
What does the population pyramid structure look like for developing, emerging and developed countries?
A
Developing: bottom heavy, high birth rates, low life expectancy, high death rates
Emerging: bottom-middle heavy, lower birth rates, higher life expectancy, lower death rates
Developed: middle heavy, low birth rates, high life expectancy, low death rates
18
Q
What causes global inequalities?
A
Social factors - education rates and healthcare
Historical factors - colonialism, neo-colonialism
environmental factors - climate, topography (prisoner of geography)
economic and political factors - systems of governance and international relations
19
Q
What are the implications of social factors (education rates and healthcare) on a country’s development?
A
- Educated people produce a more skilled work force, bringing more money in through trade and investment with the services offered
-Educated people earn more, and so tax money increases, money that can be spent on development - Ill people cannot work, and need healthcare that is not offered - less working people
20
Q
What are the implications of colonialism and neo-colonialism on a country’s development?
A
- economic exploitation (taking valuable resources from colonies, leaving the countries economically disadvantaged)
- infrastructure imbalance (colonisers built infrastructure primarily for resource extraction, neglecting other sectors
- political instability (borders drawn by colonisers led to ethnic and political tensions, overthrowing of the monarchy leads to instability)
- dependency (neo-colonialism encourages economic dependency through unequal trade relationships and debt, hindering independent development, conditional loans)
21
Q
What are the implications of climate and topography on a country’s development?
A
- Harsher climates hinder development and food production (e.g. desert, tundra)
- Flatter not mountainous topography is easier to build settlements on and connections; development is easier
- Rivers and proximity to the sea are trade routes
(“prisoners of geography”) - Certain lands are richer with natural resources; helps economic development
22
Q
What are the implications of systems of governance and international relations on a country’s development?
A
- Systems of governance (dictatorship, communism) etc. affect the rate of development (defined by capitalism)
- corruption means development is hindered
- international relations make it hard to trade and develop for certain countries (e.g. Taiwan cannot trade freely due to China), or easier for some countries (good relations, easier trade)
23
Q
What are the implications of inequalities for a developing country?
A
- Cannot afford to invest in education and healthcare (stuck in a cycle)
- Crime and political instability
- dependency on richer countries
24
Q
What are the 5 Stages in Rostow’s modernisation theory?
A
Stage 1 - traditional society: subsistence farming; fishing; forestry (little trade)
Stage 2 - preconditions for take-off: manufacturing on small scale; infrastructure built; trading internationally begins
Stage 3 - take-off: rapid intensive growth; large scale industrialisation
Stage 4 - drive to maturity: economic growth, standard of living rises; technology
Stage 5 - age of mass consumption: lots of trade; mass produced goods; high levels of consumption - ppl are wealthy
25
What does Rostow's theory do?
Rostow's modernisation theory predicts how a country's level of economic development changes over time.
26
What the criticisms of Rostow's model?
- suggests there is only 1 path to development (capitalistic)
- implies mass consumption is the goal; unsustainable and not good for environment
27
What is Frank's dependency theory?
The theory that core countries (developed) exploit the periphery countries;
- as they import low value raw materials from the periphery
- export high value manufactured goods to the periphery
- ultimately gaining the most and developing, leaving the periphery behind.
28
What the criticisms of Frank's model?
- Not all colonise countries remain poor (e.g. singapore)
- trade can equally benefit two countries and lead to development (e.g. S Korea)
29
What are some ways in which we can reduce global inequalities?
- Top down development projects
- Bottom Up development projects
30
What are characteristics of Top-down development projects?
- Carried out on a large scale (affect lots of people)
- They aim to kick off a positive multiplier effect following Rostow's development model, improving infrastructure
- They are very expensive; IGO or TNC funded projects
- The decisions are made by the government or a small group of people
31
What are the characteristics of Bottom Up development projects?
- Carried out on a small scale
- Use intermediate technology
- Aim to improve immediate aspects of the local people's lives
- They aren't expensive; funded by NGOs or charities, running on donations
32
Advantages of Top-Down development.
Advantages:
- Benefit a large amount of people
- improves the country's economy
- improves quality of life
33
Disadvantages of Top-Down Development.
Disadvantages:
- Expensive; leads to debt
- May not benefit everyone
- Energy intensive (greenhouse gasses etc.)
34
Advantages of Bottom Up Development.
Advantages:
- projects address the needs of local people
- low costs, not dependant on imports
- labour intensive; creating jobs for locals
35
Disadvantages of Bottom up Development.
- small scale; doesn't have a large impact
- inefficient; e.g. 'companies' not working together well
36
Advantages of development through TNCS.
- provide employment
- greater income from taxes
- improves Quality of Life, through investing in infrastructure
37
Disadvantages of developing through TNCS.
- profits often leave host countries
- exploitation
- environmental problems
38
What is globalisation?
The process through which the world's systems and cultures becomes more integrated. The movement of money, people and business between countries allows it.
39
What processes have helped encourage globalisation?
- technological advances; email, phone, the internet allows for easy global communication
- improvements in transport allowing for quick trade and distribution of goods
40
How do TNCs increase globalisation?
- They link countries through the production and sale of goods
- promote a culture of consumerism, where people wish to have products from developed nations, making lifestyles more similar.
41
How do governments increase globalisation?
There are lots of ways a government can impact globalisation.
Free trade - promoting it makes it easier for goods, money, services to travel between countries
Investment - attracting TNCs so they invest, for economic growth as they bring jobs and income
Privatisation - giving TNCs control
42
How can globalisation lead to inequalities?
Some countries benefit from globalisation - raw materials, workforces,
BUT free trade is argued to mainly benefit richer countries, as TNC profits often return to headquarters in developed countries, and skilled workers are attracted to the developed countries (brain drain)
43
What are the characteristics of China's site, situation and connectivity?
Site:
- China is a large country, large landmass
- North and West China is mountainous, sparsely populated
- North West China is the Gobi desert
Situation:
- China is largely landlocked, but East China is coastal
- Prominent rivers, such as Yangtze, Pearl, Yellow river
- The Yangtze and Yellow river flow through the 'Heartland' where most food is produced
Connectivity:
- poor international relations (Japan - historically, refuses to trade with countries recognising Taiwan)
- Ties with North Korea
- Uses rivers and East ans South China sea to trade (Global ports - Shanghai is the busiest)
- Major aiports
- Part of the Belt and Road initiative (global project to improve trade links)
44
What is China's political context?
- China needs control over the Hinterland to trade using the East and South China seas.
- Communist, with strong government control.
- Doesn't interfere with other countries.
- Doesn't deal with countries recognising Taiwan.
45
What is China's social and cultural context?
Social - uses a numeric rating system to judg their citizens
- large population
- treatment of Uighur muslims is globally criticised.
Cultural - influenced by Confucian and Buddhist thoughts - collective wealth, hardwork
- losing culture for QoL (building styles etc)
- growing demand for Chinese marital arts/film, tourism
46
What is China's environmental context?
- huge carbon footprint and bad air quality
- major investments in renewably energy
47
How has China has changed economically since 1990?
- GDP: China's GDP has grown rapidly, larley due to exports and FDI.
- economic sector change: focussing on higher levels of education, shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services (secondary, tertiary sectors)
- imports: China strives to rely less on imports and be self dependant
- exports: Chinese businesses have grown, and FDI and TNCs mean lots of Chinese people are employed in manufacturing. Lots of exports.
- FDI: TNCs invest in infrastructure, as China liberalised its economy and globalised their trade, setting up SEZ, removing barriers for foreign TCs,
48
What was the role of Government policy in China's development?
- China recieved multilateral aid upto $1.4b annually, and is in lots of debt
- focussing on better the education system supporting talented students (e.g. Shanghai maths program)
- as a result of FDI, TNCs invested in infrastructure to make production easier
- China has benefitted from this (a result of pro FDI policy)
- China moved away from controlled to socialist economy, leading to manufacturing growth.
49
What was the role of globalisation in China's development?
- TNCs inveseted in infrastructure, and pro FDI policy started a culture of outsourcing
- Outsourcing means Chinese citiszen get low wages in factories, exploited. This makes China desirable for TNCs, so there is more infrastructure devlopment.
- overall China benefits, but the actual citizens are neglected.
50
How has China's rapid development affected Fertility and death rates?
- fertility rates have dropped, as a result of the one child policy. competiive education adn workfoce also discourages having multiple children.
- death rates have decreased, due to improved healthcare.
*However rapid industrialisation has led to pollution, which causes a rise in pollution related deaths.*
51
How has China's rapid growth led to urbanisation and created different regions with different socio-economic characteristics?
- Rural-urban migration is happening due to rural decline.
- This causes urban sprawl and rapid urbanisation, leading to overpopulation and overcrowding in East China.
- rural decline and poverty, due to a lack of focus from the goverment, leads to ghost town
- East China is much richer, densely populated, and the main GDP contributor.
52
How has China's rapid growth affected gender and age groups?
Age (+) -> falling birth and fertility rates, less people need to be fed, wealth is divided among less people
Age (-) -> shrinking workforce (less young people), so less money is made and taxed
Gender (+) -> more men than women, so in traditional parts, this results in more working people
Gender (-) -> more men than women, less people getting married, less having children, decreasing the working population
53
How has China's rapid growth affected air quality is China?
- poor air quality, Breathing Beijing's air is like smoking 40 cigarettes a day
- 83% exposed to unhealthy air; reducing quality of life
54
How has China's rapid growth affected water quality is China?
- 60% of underground water is polluted
- 44% is deemed 'poor quality'
- health concerns, contaminated water can spread disease
55
How has China's rapid growth affected Land quality is China?
- poor soil quality
- 20% of total farmland is contaminated with heavy metals
- health problems, food security problems
56
How has China's growth affected its geopolitical influence?
- strong role in Asia
- China wants to expand control of South China seas
- joined the WTO, allowing easier trade
- part of ASEAN
- relation with EU, systematic rivals, tension
- relation with US, tension, US views S and E China seas as international waters
- huge investments, FDI in Africa
- stronger global voice
57
What are some of the benefits and costs of China's international relations?
benefits - recieves raw materials at a good price, from African countries
costs - local businesses cannot compete with TNCs, lost trading opportunities
