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Anatomy Block 3 > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What GI organs are part of the ‘foregut’?

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Duodenum (1st and 2nd segments)
  • Gallbladder
  • Superior portion of Pancreas
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2
Q

What GI organs are part of the ‘midgut’?

A
  • Duodenum (3rd and 4th segments)
  • Jejunem
  • Ileum
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending Colon
  • Hepatic Flexure of Colon
  • Transverse Colon (Proximal 2/3)
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3
Q

What GI organs are part of the ‘hindgut’?

A
  • 1/3 of Transverse Colon and Splenic Flexure
  • Descending Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
  • Rectum
  • Upper part of Anal Canal
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4
Q

What are the six steps of the digestive process? What are some of their landmarks?

A

Ingestion

Propulsion
- Peristalsis

Mechanical Digestion

  • Churning
  • Segmentation

Chemical Digestion

Absorption

Defecation
- borborygmi (bowel sounds)

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the Peritoneum? What comprises each divison?

A

Ventral Peritoneum

  • Falciform Ligament
  • Lesser Omentum

Dorsal Peritoneum

  • Greater Omentum
  • Mesentery Proper
  • Transverse Mesocolon
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6
Q

What organs are each of the Peritoneal folds associated with?

A

Greater Omentum - Stomach (greater curvature)
Lesser Omentum - Stomach (lesser curvature)

Mesentery Proper - Small Intestine
Transverse Mesocolon - Colon (Transverse)

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7
Q

What ligaments does the Lesser Omentum give off? Which is a danger structure and why?

A

Hepatogastric Ligament
Hepatoduodenal Ligament
- Danger! Contains the PORTAL TRIAD (Common Hepatic Artery, Common Bile Duct, Hepatic Portal Vein))

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8
Q

What is unique about the stomach among the GI Tract organs?

A

It has 3 layers of smooth muscle instead of the usual 2. This is to facilitate the churning/blending motion of the stomach to break down food mechanically before it undergoes chemical digestion.

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9
Q

What is chyme?

A

Food that has been ‘blended’ into a liquid mixed with gastric juices.

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10
Q

Name the three major sections of the stomach.

A

Fundus, Corpus, Pylorus

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11
Q

What feature of the stomach is variable and what triggers that variability?

A

Rugae (Gastric Folds)

- These folds only exist when the stomach is not full. When it IS full, the rugae will stretch out and disappear.

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12
Q

Give the three main branches of the Celiac Trunk.

A

Left Gastric Artery

Common Hepatic Artery

Splenic Artery

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13
Q

What branches does the Common Hepatic Artery give off?

A

Right Gastric
Gastroduodenal
- Branches into Right Gastro-omental and Superior Pancreaticoduodenal Arteries

Note: After giving off the Gastroduodenal Artery, the Common Hepatic Artery becomes the Proper Hepatic Artery.

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14
Q

What branches does the Left Gastric Artery give off?

A

None. It moves to the Lesser Curvature of the stomach and anastamoses with the Right Gastric Artery.

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15
Q

What branches does the Splenic Artery give off?

A

Left Gastro-omental
Short Gastric
(Splemic Branches?)

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16
Q

What branches come off of the Proper Hepatic Artery?

A

Cystic Artery

Right and Left Hepatic Arteries.

17
Q

Describe the Venous Drainage of the stomach.

A

Primary Veins (Most tributaries will drain into these)

  • Portal Vein
  • Splenic Vein
  • Superior Mesenteric Vein
  • Inferior Mesenteric Vein

Note: Superior Mesenteric Vein merges with Splenic Vein to give Portal Vein

MOST VEINS RUN ALONGSIDE THEIR ARTERY COUNTERPARTS AND SHARE THEIR NAME.

18
Q

What is the function of the Portal Vein?

A

Responsible for bringing 70-75% of the nutrient rich/oxygen-poor blood to the Liver. (Hepatic Artery provides the rest)

19
Q

Describe the innervation of the stomach.

A

Sympathetic fibers from T6-T9 (Greater Splanchnic Nerves) + Afferent (Pain) arterial branches

Parasympathetic supply from CN X

20
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the stomach.

A

Right side of the stomach drains into the Right Gastric Nodes (via right and left gastric arteries)

Upper quadrant of left side drains into the Pancreaticosplenic Nodes (via short gastric arteries)

Remaining quadrant of left side drains into R&L Gastro-omental nodes, which then drain into Pyloric Nodes.

21
Q

Where in the duodenum does the Foregut end and the Midgut begin?

A

Segment 2.

22
Q

What is Superior Mesenteric Syndrome?

A

A growth or aneurysm of the SMA may cause it to occlude the 3rd segment of the duodenum. This can result in projectile vomiting.

23
Q

Which parts of the Small Intestine are retroperitoneal/intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal
- Dudoenum (mostly)

Intraperitoneal

  • Jejunem
  • Ileum
24
Q

What is the blood supply for the Jejunem and Ileum?

A

Via the unnamed branches of the SMA (Jejunal/Ileal arteries)

25
Q

Describe the lymphatics of the Small Intestine.

A

Duodenum (above bile duct): drain into Celiac Nodes

Rest of Duodenum and Small Intestine: drain into Superior Mesenteric Nodes

26
Q

What are the hallmarks of the Large Intestine?

A
  1. Caliber
  2. Omental/Epiploic Appendages
  3. Haustrations
  4. Taenia Coli
27
Q

What are the Taenia Coli? List their types and associations.

A

Strips of muscle that are shorter than the actual Large Intestine, giving the organ its haustrations.

Taenia mesocolica/mesenteric: transverse mesocolon
Taenia omental/anti-mesenteric: greater omentum
Taenia free/libra: no association!

28
Q

What do arcades give rise to?

A

Vasa Rectae

29
Q

How large are the vasa rectae on the jejunal side? Ileal side? How do the arcades look on both sides?

A

Vasa rectae are larger on the Jejunal side, and the arcades are shorter. (Jews are cheap and big noses!)

Vasa rectae are smaller on the Ileal side, and the arcades are longer.

30
Q

What vessel provides the venous drainage for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Foregut: Hepatic Portal Vein
Midgut: SMV
Hindgut: IMV

31
Q

What are the Porto-Caval anastamoses?

A 
Esophageal veins (portal) - Azygos system and tributaries (caval)
- Esophageal varices
Paraumbilical Veins (portal) - Superficial Abdominal Veins (Caval)
- Caput Medusae

Superior rectal vein (portal) - Middle and Inferior rectal veins (caval)
- Internal Hemorrhoids

32
Q

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease caused by?

A

Heliobacter pylori (H. pylori)

33
Q

What is another name for GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)?

A

Acid reflux disease (Pyrosis)

Chronic symptom of mucosal damage by frequent regurgitation of stomach acid into esophagus.

REMEMBER SLIDING HERNIAS?

34
Q

What is Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis?

A

hypertrophy of pylorus; results in gastric obstruction and projectile vomiting.

Affects males over females 5:1

35
Q

Compare SMA Syndrome (Cast/Wilkie’s Syndrome) with Nut Cracker Syndrome.

A

SMA Syndrome: SMA and AA compress 3rd segment of duodenum. Projectile vomiting.

Nut cracker Syndrome: Compression of Left Renal Artery between SMA and AA. Results in Left Varicocele.

36
Q

What is Meckel’s Diverticulum? What ‘Rule’ is applied for symptoms?

A

Yolk sac remnant extends into the umbilical cord. Mimics appendicitis.

Rule of 2's:
- 2 feet away from ileocolic junction
- 2 inches long and 2 cm wide
- M>F 2:1
- Children>Adults, younger than 2
- 2% are symptomatic
etc.

Anatomy Block 3 (6 decks)

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