gastrointestinal systen Flashcards
explain the roll parietal cells has and what stimulates them.
secretes protons into the stomach via a proton pump.
stimulated by histamine, acetylcholine, gastrin
How do antacids relieve dyspepsia symptoms?
Antacids neutralize gastric acid, increasing the gastric pH. They are usually salts of magnesium or aluminum.
What are some non-pharmacological recommendations for managing dyspepsia?
Lose weight, avoid trigger foods, eat smaller meals, stop smoking, reduce alcohol consumption, reduce stress, and review medications.
What are some red flag symptoms in gastrointestinal conditions?
Age >55, weight loss, blood in vomit, difficulty swallowing, anemia, and potential cardiac-related pain.
what is Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)?
GORD is the chronic reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, causing irritation and symptoms of heartburn.
What is the initial treatment for GORD?
Assess for alarm symptoms, elevate the head of the bed, and prescribe full-dose PPI therapy for 4 weeks (or 8 weeks for severe cases).
How is functional dyspepsia treated if H. pylori is negative?
Offer a low-dose PPI for one month and switch to an alternative acid suppression therapy if symptoms recur.
What are some complications of GORD?
Oesophageal ulcers, strictures, Barrett’s oesophagus, increased risk of carcinoma, and oral problems like dental erosion.
What is the initial treatment for uninvestigated dyspepsia?
Offer full-dose PPI therapy for 4 weeks or test for H. pylori infection and provide eradication therapy if positive
How is GORD typically managed in infants?
Modify feeding frequency and volume, add a thickener, consider alginate therapy, and refer to a paediatrician if necessary.
What stimulates the production of the protective mucus layer in the stomach?
Prostaglandins E2 and I2 stimulate the production of the mucus layer.
What causes Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
PUD is caused by a break in the protective mucosal layer, leading to inflammation and erosion down through the gastric epithelium.
Name a major complication of Peptic Ulcer Disease.
Severe upper GI bleeding, pyloric stenosis, ulcer perforation, and anemia due to persistent bleeding.
Which type of ulcer is more common in people aged 45-64 and affects men twice as much as women?
Duodenal ulcer.
How does Helicobacter pylori contribute to Peptic Ulcer Disease?
H. pylori produces ammonia and CO2, neutralizing stomach acid and causing localized gastritis, leading to ulcer formation.
