Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

Dysfunctional physiologies and diseases of the mouth?

Answer 1

Oral Ulceration - break in oral epithelium
Stomatitis - inflammation of the lining of any of the soft tissues of the mouth
Leukoplakia - Painless white patches on the side of the tongue or cheeks
Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing

Question 2

Dysfunctional physiologies and diseases of the oesophagus?

Answer 2

GORD (Gastroesophageal reflux disorder)

Hiatal hernia - stomach moves upwards and is stuck in the diaphragm

Question 3

Dyspepsia

Answer 3

Group of symptoms that arise from the upper GI tract - heartburn, abdominal discomfort, eructation, nausea

Question 4

Peptic Ulceration

Answer 4

Benign lesion of gastric/duodenal mucosa ay sight where mucosa is exposed to acid and pepsin - asymptomatic, symptoms similar to dyspepsia, epigastric pain, vomiting, worse at night, melena (black tarry stool from GI bleeding)

Question 5

GORD

Answer 5

Temporary LOS relaxation in absence of swallowing

Question 6

Gastric acid secretion

Answer 6

Positive regulator

• Ach (enteric neurons) Direct parietal cell stimulation
• H2 (ECL cells) direct parietal cell stimulation, paracrine activity
• Gastrin (G cells) Endocrine action, stimulates H2 release - ECL cells, directly stimulates parietal cell proliferation

Negative regulator
- Somatostatin (D cells) Directly inhibits parietal cell secretion, inhibits gastrin and H2 release

Question 7

Acid secretion stimulation

Answer 7

Cephalic Phase - sight/smell
Ach stimulated to make you hungry and secrete acid

Gastric Phase -
Food in ctomach, peptides in food stimulate G-cells (only activated in acidic environment, stretching of stomach releases acid)
Food inc pH + prevents d cell activity

Intestinal phase -
Chyme enters duodenum, feedback prevents chyme acidity, decrease in food decreases pH and stimulates d cell activity