Gastrointestinal system 1 Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
- What are the layers that make up the mucosal wall
A
a. Epithelial cells
b. Lamina propria
c. Muscularis mucosae
2
Q
- What structures are found in the submucosal layer
A
a. Collagen
b. Elastin
c. Glands
d. Blood vessels
3
Q
- What are the layers that make up the gut wall
A
a. Lamina propria
b. Mucosa
c. Muscularis mucosae
d. Submucosa
e. Muscularis externa
f. Serosa
g. Mesentery (not a layer but on top)
4
Q
- What are the two main plexuses that contain the nervous system
A
a. Submucosal plexus
b. Mesenteric plexus
5
Q
- Where are the ganglions of the enteric nervous system found
A
a. The plexuses
6
Q
- What do the enteric neurones release
A
a. Cholinergic or peptidergic
7
Q
- What are the different types of contractions in the GI tract
A
a. Phasic – periodical
b. Tonic – constant
8
Q
- What are slow waves
A
a. Subthreshold membrane potentials that allow membrane to be set up for depolarization
9
Q
- What are the 5 main sphincters
A
a. Upper oesophageal sphincter
b. Lower oesophageal sphincters
c. Pyloric sphincter
d. Ileocecal sphincter
e. Internal/external anal sphincters
10
Q
- What muscles and nerves are involved in chewing
A
a. Mastication muscles
b. Innervated by the mandibular nerve of the cranial nerve 5 – trigeminal
11
Q
- What are the three stages of swallowing
A
a. Oral
b. Pharyngeal
c. Oesophageal
12
Q
- What occurs in the first stage of swallowing
A
a. Tongue forces bolus to back of mouth
b. Stimulates somatosensory neurons
c. Signals the medulla
d. Stimulates the pharyngeal stage
13
Q
- What occurs in the second stage of swallowing
A
a. The pharyngeal stage
b. Soft palette up
c. Epiglottis covers sphincter
d. Food enters oesophagus
e. Upper epigeal sphincter relaxes
f. Breathing inhibited
14
Q
- What is the oesophageal stage
A
a. Closes upper oesophageal sphincter
b. Initiation of primary peristaltic wave
c. Lower oesophageal sphincter opened by vegus nerve
15
Q
- What are the 2 regions of the stomach
A
a. Orad region
b. Caudad region
16
Q
- What are the 3 sections of the stomach
A
a. Fundus
b. Body
c. Antrum
17
Q
- How does the stomach prevent back flow
A
a. Lower oesophageal sphincter and orad contract
18
Q
- What is the term for the mixture in the stomach
A
a. Chyme
19
Q
- Why does the orad relax
A
a. In anticipation of food
b. Reduces pressure in stomach to allow for a pressure gradient
20
Q
- Why is gastric emptying closely regulated
A
a. Provide enough time for neutralization of the acid
21
Q
- What are the 3 sections of the small intestine
A
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
22
Q
- What are the 3 levels surface area is increased
A
a. Plicae
b. Villi
c. Microvilli
23
Q
- What are the different types of contraction in the small intestine
A
a. Peristaltic contractions – propel chyme
b. Segmentation contractions – split and expose chyme to secretions
24
Q
- What are the accessory organs
A
a. Pancreas
b. Liver
25
27. What cells secrete exocrine pancreatic secretion
a. HCO3- secreted by centroacinar cells/ductal cells
b. Enzymes – acinar cells
26
28. What nervous system stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice
a. Parasympathetic
27
29. What are the different phases of pancreatic juice secretion
a. Cephalic – conditioning/taste/smell
b. Gastric – distention of the stomach
c. Intestinal – 80% pancreatic secretions
28
30. What does the liver secrete
a. Produced by hepatocytes – bile
29
31. What is the role of the gall bladder
a. Concentrates and ejects bile
30
32. What is the first part of the large intestine
a. Caecum
31
33. How does the large intestine stop back flow into ileum
a. Proximal colon and ileocecum sphincter contract
32
34. What are haustra
a. Pouches in the colon
33
35. What are the 3 primary functions of the large intestine
a. Absorb water and electrolytes
b. Makes and absorbs vit K and B
c. Forming and propelling faeces
34
36. What enzymes are secreted in the mouth
a. Amylase
b. Lingual lipase
c. Kallikrein
d. Mucus
35
37. What is secreted in the Oesophagus
a. Mucus
b. HCO3
36
38. What is secreted from the stomach
a. HCL
b. Pepsinogen
c. Intrinsic factor
37
40. What is secreted in the large intestine
a. Mucus
38
41. What glands are found in the body of the stomach
a. Oxyntic glands
39
42. What cells are found in the oxyntic glands
a. Gastric pit
b. Epithelial cells
c. Mucous neck cells
d. Parietal cells
e. Chief cells
40
43. What does epithelial cells release in the oxyntic glands
a. HCO3
41
44. What do mucous neck cells release in the oxyntic glands
a. Mucus
42
45. What do parietal cells release in the oxyntic glands
a. HCL, intrinsic factor
43
46. What do chief cells release in the oxyntic gland
a. Pepsinogen
44
47. What glands are found in the antrum
a. Pyloric glands
45
48. What cells are not found in the pyloric glands
a. Parietal cells
46
49. What cells are found in the pyloric glands
a. G cells – gastrin
b. D cells – somatostatin
47
50. Why do parietal cells release HCL
a. To provide conditions to convert pepsinogen to pepsin
48
51. What proteins are found on the apical side of the parietal cells
a. k/H ATPase
b. cl channel
49
52. what cells are found on the basolateral surface
a. NA/K ATPase
b. HCO3/Cl
50
53. What stimulates H secretion
a. Histamine binding to H2 GS coupled receptors
b. Ach – binds to M3 Gq receptor
c. Gastrin – binds to CCKB receptor
51
54. What inhibits H secretion
a. Somatostatins and prostaglandins
b. Bind to Gi receptors inhibit cAMP
52
55. What drugs prevent H secretion
a. Omeprazole
53
56. In the SI what cells protect the lumen and how
a. Crypt cells secrete fluid and electrolytes
54
57. What does cholera toxin do
a. Too much cAMP
b. More Cl channels open
c. Water follows too much water absorbed into lumen
55
58. What is absorbed in jejunum
a. Na Cl
b. Sugar
c. Amino acids
d. Bicarb
56
59. What is the pH of blood in the pancreas
a. Low
57
60. What effect does aldosterone have on the large intestine
a. Synthesis of more Na channels
b. Increased internal conc of Na
58
61. Where are lipids hydrolysed
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
59
62. How are fatty acids absorbed into the blood from epithelial cells
a. Chylomicrons secreted via exocytosis
b. Enter lymphatic system
c. To thoracic duct where they are emptied into blood stream
60
63. To access enterocytes what barriers do molecules have to cross
a. Mucus gel layer
b. Acidic unstirred water zone
61
64. What are the islets main secretory cells
a. Beta – insulin
b. Alpha – glucagon
c. Delta – somatostatin
d. Epsilon – ghrelin
62
65. What type of junction are between beta and alpha cells in iselts of langerhans
a. Gap junctions
63
66. What type of junction Is between delta cells and beta cells in islets of langerhans
a. Dendrite like processes
64
67. What neurotransmitters innervate the pancreas
a. Adrenergic
b. Cholinergic
c. Peptidergic
65
68. What does the stimulation of beta adrenergic neurons lead to in the pancreas
a. Increase in secretion of insulin
66
69. What does a stimulation of alpha adrenergic neurons do in the pancreas
a. Inhibits secretion of insulin
67
70. What effect does the parasympathetic vagus nerve innervate when stimulated
a. Releases Ach increasing insulin release
68
71. How does glucose release insulin
a. Glucose binds to glut2
b. Increases ATP
c. Opens potassium channels
d. Depolarizes
e. Calcium enters and triggers exocytosis of insulin
69
72. What is the structure of the insulin receptor
a. 2 extracellular alpha chains
b. 2 membrane spanning beta chains
70
73. What effect does the binding of insulin have
a. Decreases blood glucose levels
b. Insulin binds
c. Signal transduction cascade – glut4 proteins enter membrane
d. Allows glucose to enter
71
74. What effect does insulin have in the liver
a. Promotes the conversion glucose to glycogen
72
75. What effects does insulin have on muscle
a. Anabolic effect
b. Increasing uptake of amino acids
c. Stimulation of protein synthesis
73
76. What are the effects of insulin of adipocytes
a. Increase in GLUT4 expression
b. Glucose converted to fatty acids
74
77. What is type 1 diabetes
a. Autoimmune disease affecting Beta cells secrete inadequate insulin
75
78. What are the signs of type 1 diabetes
a. Chronic hyperglycaemia
b. Increased fatty acid, amino acids and ketones in blood
c. Osmotic diuresis
d. Polyuria
e. Hypotension
f. Smelly breath
76
79. How do you treat type 1 diabetes
a. Insulin replacement therapy
77
80. What is type 2 diabetes
a. Insulin resistance
b. Downregulation of insulin receptors
78
81. What are the signs of type 2 diabetes
a. Increased thirst
b. Hunger
c. Urination
d. Fatigue and blurred vision
79
82. What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes
a. Sulphanyurea /tolbutamide – stimulates insulin secretion
b. Metformin – upregulate receptors on target tissues
c. Calorie restriction
80
what is the layer of fatty tissue over abdominal wall
superficialo fascia
81
how many layers is the superficial fascia over the abdominal wall
one layer over most of it, two layers in the lower anterior region below the umbilicus
