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Physiology II > Gastrointestinal Motility > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Motility Flashcards

1
Q

Mixing movements

A

local constrictive contractions (segmentation) and peristaltic contractions

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2
Q

Propulsive Movements

A

Peristalsis moves contents down the GI tract

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3
Q

What is the stimuli for peristalsis

A

Distention (stretch receptors)

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4
Q

Migrating Motor Complex MMC

A

strong wave of contractile activity that spreads down through the GI BETWEEN MEALS.

Once every 2 hours in the FASTED STATE

sweeps clean the GI lumen by allowing undigested materials >2 mm to move out of the stomach and through the small intestine.

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5
Q

Control of contractive activities in the GI tract

A
  1. ) CNS
  2. )ENS
  3. ) Electrical coupling between cells
  4. ) Hormal factors
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6
Q

Role of the inner circular layer

A

makes sections of the gut longer and thinner

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7
Q

Role of the outer longitudinal layer

A

makes sections of the gut shorter and wider

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8
Q

CNS control of contractive activities

A

coordination

PNS = increased motility 
SNS= decreased motility
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9
Q

ENS control of ocntractile activities

A

local movements

“Law of the Gut”

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10
Q

role of electrical coupling in control of contractile activities

A

spread of contraction wave associated with BER

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11
Q

role of hormones and humoral factors in control of contractive activity

A

stimulate and inhibit motility

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12
Q

Gastrin

A

Released in response to food in the stomach

Increases stomach motility (increases force of stomach contractions ) –> promote emptying

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13
Q

Motilin

A

initiates MMC

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14
Q

Cholecytsokinin

A

secreted by I cells (duodenum, and jejunum) in response to fatty acids, amino acid

Decreases gastric motility and increases gallbladder contract-ability

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15
Q

Secretin

A

Released by S cells (located in the duodenum) in response to acid

Decreases motility of most of the GI tract

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16
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

A

Secreted by K-cells (duodenum and jejunum) in response to fatty acids, amino acids, and oral glucose

Mildly Decreases gastric motility

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17
Q

Muscle distribution of the esophagus

A 
Upper = skeletal 
Middle = mixed 
Lower= smooth
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18
Q

Primary vs secondary peristalsis of the esophagus

A

Primary - Vagus nerve. Peristaltic wave contines at UES

Secondary - occurs due to continued distention of the esophagus if the primary wave did not completely clear the bolus (Does not require vagus nerve- stretch receptors detect distention)

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19
Q

Tonically contracted LES

A

Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation cause contraction of LES .

ENS aline can maintain constriction

20
Q

LES relaxation

A

primarily mediated by vagovagal reflex -causes relaxation of the circular muscle layer

21
Q

Achalasia

A

LES does not fully relax during swallowing

Degeneration of ganglions in myenteric plexus often due to autoimmune attack

22
Q

Primary Function of LES

A

Prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus

in a normal person LES pressure is ALWAYS higher than gastric pressure EXEPT during swallowing

23
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

reservoir for ingetsted food
production of chyme
control rate of emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum

24
Q

Fundus

A

superior portion of the stomach

25
Q

Body of the stomach

A

reservoir area

26
Q

Antrum of the stomach

A

more muscular- controls the rate or chyme efflux

27
Q

Pyloric Sphincer

A

normally tonally constricted- allows fluid and small particles (<2mm) to pass but prevents most of the chyme from entering the duodenum even in the presence of strong contractions

28
Q

Regulation of gastric emptying

A

Neural and humoral mechanisms

29
Q

Which hormone causes relaxation of the orad stomach

A

CCK - I cells release CCK that acts on vagal afferent to cause relaxation (VIP, NO) of the stomach

30
Q

Vomitting

A

GI irritation causes paracrine release of serotonin 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells which stimulate vagal afferents to the vomitting center

31
Q

which cells in the GI tract release serratonin (what kind of release?)

A

Enterochromafin cells - paracrine release

32
Q

Which cells in the GI tract release histamine

A

Enterochromafil Like cells

33
Q

Receptors that deal with vomiting (drugs that are antagonists for that receptor)

A

5-HT3 receptos: Ondansetron
B2 receptors: Metroclopramide
H2 receptors: Diphenhyramine

34
Q

what causes the stomach to fill in the vomiting response?

A

intrathorasic pressure falls and intra-abdominal pressure rises (stomach fills and pushes contents up to esophagus)

35
Q

Gastroenteroc reflex

A

tissues are mad more excitable by the distention of the stomach and the entry of chyme into the duodenum

36
Q

Intestinoepithelial reflex

A

overstistention of one segment will cause reflex relaxation of the rest if the intestine

37
Q

Gastroileal Reflex

A

increased activity in the stomach will increase motility in the illeum and accelerate the movement of chyme through the ileocecal sphincter

38
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

gastric distention increases activity in the colon

39
Q

Function of the ileocecal valve

A

prevent reflux of colonic contents into the intestine

Distention of terminal ileum causes relaxation

Distention of cecum causes contraction

Gastrin and gastroileal reflex relax the valve

40
Q

Mass Movement

A

propulsive peristaltic waves. Occur about 1-3 times per day (commonly following meal times)

41
Q

which reflexes increase mass movement activity

A

gastrocolic and duodenocolic refelxes

42
Q

affect of gastroileal reflex on the ileocecal valve

A

relax

43
Q

affect of gastrn on ileocacal valve

A

relax

44
Q

Rectosphinteric reflex (defacation)

A

mass movement from the sigmoid colon fills the rectum which then contracts

relax internal anal sphincter
contract external anal sphincter (normally relaxed at rest)

45
Q

Borborygmi

A

noise made by the movement of gas through the intestines due to peristalsis. Can be generated by MMC and mass movements

Physiology II (17 decks)

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