Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho/Pharm 378 > Gastrointestinal Disorders > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Dysphagia

A 
Difficulty swallowing which creates a risk of airway compromise
Involuntary and voluntary
Mechanical obstruction: tumors
Neurological dysfunction
Spasmodic or Prolonged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Esophageal spasm treatment

A

Nitrates: relax smooth muscle
Ca+ channel blockers
Botox: paralyzes muscles
Peppermint: antispasmodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Reflux of stomach content into esophageal
Sx: heartburn, dysphagia, globus, chronic cough, asthma, upper abdominal pain, chest pain
Nursing Implication: is the patient on a ACE medication? (coughing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GERD Causes

A

Age, increased abdominal girth from obesity, eating large meals, tobacco and alcohol use, caffeine intake, anatomic hiatal hernia
Esophagus can be damaged from acidity causing: inflammation, scarring, stricture, metaplasia tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

a portion of the stomach passes through esophageal sphincter, can cause GERD but not most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Barrett Esophagus

A

Compensatory replacement of normal esophageal squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GERD Tx

A

Treat the cause

  • obesity: suggest diet and limit large meals and alcohol consumption
  • hiatal hernia: repair hernia
  • Medications: Antacids, H2 blockers, PPI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack of desire to eat
Can be from fatigue, anemia, cancer, heart dx, renal dx, depression
Treat the cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nausea

A

subjective sensation secondary to stimulation of the medullary control center
May be accompanied by ANS manifestation such as salivation, sweating, pallor, or inadequate supply of blood to gastric from pregnancy, viral infection, abdominal distention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vomitting

A

physiologic protective mechanism, medullary center of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Psychiatric disorder of body image disturbance wit lengthy complex therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Metoclopramide

A

delayed gastric emptying treatment medication for anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cannabis derivative

A

appetite stimulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nausea and Vomiting non drug

interventions

A 
self hypnosis
biofeedback: breathing and relaxation
acupuncture/pressure points
Peppermint oil: indigestion
Ginger: mixed evidence for relief of nausea during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bismuth Subsalicylate

A 
Pepto
More for anti-diarrhea
ADR: black stool/tongue
readily available OTC
Not recommended for pregnancy bc of Aspirin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tx for Nausea and Vomiting

A

Medication: benzodiazepines, pronabinol, isopropyl alcohol

receptors of serotonin, dopamine and substance P can be partially blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anti-emetics: Dopamine Antagonists

A

Promethazine: can be used as a sedative before and after surgery, can help control pain, motion sickness,
Chlorpromazine
Both can be given: po, IM, IV, or recatally
Both can cause: sedation, hypotension, extra pyramidal reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EPS

A

Acute disorder of the motor neurons responsible for certain movements associated with a number of psych meds
Sx: dystonia, parkinson syndrome, rapid tongue movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Droperidol

A

Anti-emetics: Dopamine Antagonists
same side effects as other dopamine antagonists (sedating, hypotension,EPS)
stronger sedating effect
Black box warning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metoclopramide

A 
Anti-emetics: Dopamine Antagonists
unique in increasing tone and motility of the GI tract which promotes gastric emptying
Used pre/post operatively
Less often used in Chemo
Commonly used for N&V
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Promethazine

A

Anti-emetics: Dopamine Antagonists

can be used as a sedative before and after surgery, can help control pain, motion sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ondansetron

A

Anti-emetic: Serotonin Antagonist
Highly effective antiemetic
Used for N&V during chemo/radiation, and postoperatively
more effective when given in combination with a steroid
ADR: headache, lightheadedness, diarrhea, No EPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Substance P Antagonist

A

Substance P is a neurotransmitter
NK-1 receptors in medullary vomitting center and vagus respond to substance P
Aprepitant: antagonizes substance P receptor
useful for chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Antihistamine
reduces inflammatory response, can cause sedation effects, given for n and v, typical anti-cholinergic effects
ADR: dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, blurred vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hydroxizine
Antihistamine Most commonly used for N&V Have an anticholinergic effect, causing sedation ADR: dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, blurred vision
26
Meclizine
Antihistamine Can treat motion sickness and vertigo, given for n and v Have an anticholinergic effect, causing sedation ADR: dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, blurred vision
27
Scopalamine
Antihistamine Can treat motion sickness and pre/postoperative n and v, can decrease salivation Have an anticholinergic effect, causing sedation ADR: dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, blurred vision
28
Glucocorticosteroids
Primarily in use with against with chemo MOA is unclear Can be given for N and V and with Ondansetron
29
Benzodiazepines
Anxiolytic and sedating effect, used for sleeping and anxiety
30
Isopropyl Alcohol
Small study | Inhaled aromatherapy shown to decrease N&V with or without Ondansetron
31
Gastritis
inflammatory disorder of gastric mucosa | Heliobacter Pylori: major causative factor
32
Acute Gastritis
Erosion of surface epithelium in a diffuse of localized pattern Injury by virus, drug of chemical Tx: correct the problem and treat symptomatically
33
Chronic Gastritis
Thinning or degration of stomach wall | Tx: correct the problem and treat symptomatically
34
Gastric Ulcer/PUD
Sore inside stomach | Risk factors: advanced age, tobacco use, alcohol/smoking, chronic disease with circulation or O2 impairment
35
Sx of Gastric Ulcer/PUD
Epigastric pain: gnawing, burning, may radiate to chest, may have exacerbation and remissions burping or belching occult blood in stool Severe cases: pain and peritonitis
36
Non drug Tx for Gastric Ulcer/PUD
Dietary modifications: no clear association with spicy foods or improvement with bland diet, no clear association with caffeine Smaller more frequent meals to limit gastric acid fluctuation smoking cessation conflicting evidence about alcohol
37
Pharmaceutical Tx for Gastritis/PUD Antacids
Antacids Acid blockade by alkaline compounds to neutralize stomach acid NaHCO3: binds with acid but liberates Co2 and contains sodium Aluminum Hydroxide: slower actin/constipation Magnesium Hydroxide: faster acting/diarrhea Combination agents: Mylanta, Maalox All antacids may reduce dissolution and absorption of other drugs
38
H2 Blockers
Located in the parietal cells of the stomach and promote secretion of gastric acid H2 Blockers antagonize the reception by decreasing the secretion of gastric acid
39
Pharmaceutical Tx of Gastritis/PUD H2 blockers
Ranitidine Famotidine Cimetidine Drug-Drug interactions: antacids, warfarin, phenytoin
40
Proton Pump Inhibitor
``` More powerful then H2 blockers 1 dose decreases gastric acid by 97% not rapidly onset complex MOA All drugs listed decrease gastric acid: omeprazole pantozole iansoprazole rebeprazole esomeprazole ```
41
PPI ADR
Rare for short term use | Drug drug interactions are rare
42
Sucralfate
Activated by acid pH to form a gel which physically coats the ulceration No known ADRs
43
Misoprostol
An endogenous prostaglandin useful for clients on NSAIDs Obstetric use for ripening of Cervix Contraindicated: pregnant patient Common ADR: diarrhea
44
Helicobacter Pylori
A bug-a gram negative rod which can survive the acid rich environment of the stomach and colonizes the mucus secreting epithelium produces Enzymes and toxins which impair mucosal protective barrier associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and various gastric cancers Tx: multi drug regiment
45
Tx of Helicobacter Pylori
Multi drug regimen 2 antibiotics secondary to rapid mutations of H Pylori PPI to alter acidic environment Requires 3-4 drugs to treat Bismuth can be added bc of antibacterial effects against H Pylori
46
Bowel Function
Large bowel: absorption of water 90% of water is reabsorded rapid passage through bowel can cause liquid stools delay in bowel contents can cause excess water reabsorption and subsequent hard dry stools Dietary fiber increases stool bulk and keeps water within bowel
47
Constipation
Varying definitions and individualized individual norms and subject to change based on age, activity level, food intake, fluid balance, activity May be secondary to another cause -hypothyroidism -neuromuscular disorders Common SFX: narcotics, ca+ channel blockers, iron supplements May be voluntarily influenced by pain and social factors of embarassment
48
Constipation Tx
``` Manage underlying problems Exercise, fluids, fiber providing adequate provers Bulk Supplements: Psyllium -safe for daily use Stool softeners/laxatives Enemas ```
49
Stool Softeners
Inhibit fluid reasborption from the stool | stimulate excretion of water and elites into the lumen of the bowel (ex: decussate sodium)
50
Laxatives-stimulants
Stimulate intestinal motilivty | stimulates excretion of water and elites into the lumen of the bowel (ex: bisacodyl, Senna)
51
Laxatives-osmotic
Salt based laxative pulls fluid into the lumen of the bowel so the bowel wall is stretch and increases peristalsis powerful laxatives can cause fluid loss and dehydration ex: magnesium hydroxide
52
Indications for Laxative use
``` Diagnosis Tx/Procedure preparation Constipation -pregnancy -opioids -post op -preventative valsalva in pts with aneurysms, varices poisoning ```
53
Contraindications to Laxative use
Abdominal pain, nausea, cramping with possibility of obstruction, appendicitis, surgical abdomen
54
long term use of laxatives
laxative use will diminish the normal function of the bowel and can create dependency can also cause dehydration and e-lyte balance
55
Intestinal obstruction
caused by a condition that prevents the flow of gut connects through the intestinal lumen EX: hernia, adhesions
56
paralytic ileus
failure of motility, usually after surgery and use of narcotics
57
Tx of Intestinal obstruction
NG suction mobilization immediate surgical interventions
58
Tx of paralytic ileus
intestinal motility agents (ex: metoclopramide) | antisecretory
59
Diarrhea
Definition vary by individual increased frequency of stool watery consistency Symptom not a disease
60
Diarrhea causes
``` infection foods drugs bowel pathology may be protective ```
61
Diarrhea-large volume secretory
associated with infection or food that are non agreeable | Tx: fasting
62
Diarrhea-small volume inflammatory
associated with intrinsic bowel disease straining with little stool bloody stool and some pain
63
Tx of Diarrhea
removal of offending agents restoration of fluids and elytes manage of distressing sx probiotics: lactobacillus: supports normal intestinal bacteria
64
Viral diarrhea
self limiting and antibiotics can worsen sx
65
Bacterial diarrhea
ecoli salmonella some tx require abx
66
ex of a antidiarrheal agent
bismuth subsalicylate
67
why are opioids use in tx for diarrhea
opioids help firm up stool and is typically paired with atropine to slow bowel function
68
bulk forming agents for diarrhea
reduce watery consistency of stool
69
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
described as a syndrome of a symptom, increasingly well recognized but still questioned constellation of sx without objective pathology associated with abdominal pain and often relieved with defacation
70
Inflammatory Bowel
represents recognized objective pathology | some genetic predisposition and general recognition of an autoimmune component
71
Crohns Disease
inflammatory bowel Autoimmune disease with some genetic predisposition colicky abdominal disease with diarrhea and dehydration lesions can be seen on the bowel wall exacerbations and remissions but progress with thickening of the bowel wall, malabsorption, fistula formation, GI complications
72
Non GI complications from Crohns Disease
arthritis Skin lesions other inflammatory problems
73
Ulcerative Colitis
inflammatory condition of the bowel | Sx are similar to crowns but with worsened diarrhea and frequent bloody stool
74
Ulcerative Colitis risk factors
risk of colon cancer is 20-30x more likely then the general population
75
Tx of Ulcerative Colitis without medications
Maximiza nutrition | minimize inflammation
76
Tx of Ulcerative Colitis with medications
Glucocorticoids: sx relief and often used for remission, chronic use can cause adrenal suppression and cushing syndrome Sulfasalazine: chemically related to sulfa, abx, used for anti-inflammatory Immunosuppresants: Azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate
77
Bacterial infection of the bowel
organisms that proliferate in the bowel and can cause destruction, may has massive diarrhea, fluid loss, dehydration common organisms: ecoli, salmonella, cdifficile
78
Diverticuli
herniation of musical layer of the colon through mucosal layers creating pouches common in refined diet population
79
Diverticulosis
presence of lesions, typically asymptomatic, | tx: with high fiber diet
80
Diverticulitis
inflammation, infection, can cause perforated of diverticuli which can cause a peritonitis abscess formation can cause severe pain, N/V, elevated WBC
81
Tx for Diverticulitis
antibiotic | NPO
82
Appendicitis
inflammation with progressive infection and eventual perforation onset: 1-2 days gradually localized to RLQ
83
S/S. of Appendicitis
anorexia low grade fever mild elevation of WBC
84
Dx of Appendicitis
CT scan | US
85
Tx of Appendicitis
surgical removal of appendix usually laparoscopic | if perforated: will need appendectomy and abx
86
Colorectal Cancer
2nd leading cause of cancer related deaths pathology: genetic predisposition, 90 mutant genetic patterns identified transition of normal epithelium to adenoma to carcinoma as a result of progressive chromosomal instabilty
87
Risk factors of Colorectal Cancer
``` family Hx diet high in fat and meat obesity/belly fat smoking sedentary lifestyle screening ```
88
screening for Colorectal Cancer
guiac fecal occult blood test fecal immunochemical test: measures HgB protein antibodies Cologaurd: most sensitive test

Patho/Pharm 378 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions