Gastrointestinal Disease

Question 1

what medications are commonly used in upper GI disease?

Answer 1

• antacids
• H2 receptor blockers
• proton pump inhibitors

Question 2

what GI diseases can cause malabsorption?

Answer 2

• pernicious anaemia
• coeliac disease
• crohn’s disease

Question 3

what GI diseases can affect the large bowel?

Answer 3

• inflammatory bowel diseases
  
  • crohn’s disease
  • ulcerative colitis

Question 4

what are antacids?

Answer 4

medications that eliminate formed acids

Question 5

how do antacids work?

Answer 5

alkalis that form a salt with the gastric acid & neutralise its effects on the tissues

Question 6

how is stomach acid produced?

Answer 6

parietal cells in the stomach wall are triggered to produce acid

Question 7

what are the three main parietal cell triggers?

Answer 7

• acetylcholine
• gastrin
• histamine

Question 8

what is the function of H2 receptor antagonists?

Answer 8

reduce acid production

Question 9

how do H2 receptor antagonists work?

Answer 9

preventing histamine activation of acid production

Question 10

what common H2 receptor antagonist is commonly used?

Answer 10

Ranitidine

Question 11

what ending does proton pump inhibitor medication normally have?

Answer 11

‘prazole’

Question 12

what are examples of proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 12

• omaprazole
• lansoprazole
• pantoprazole

Question 13

what is meant by dysphagia?

Answer 13

difficulty with swallowing

Question 14

what occurs during fibrosis of the oesophagus?

Answer 14

• loss of muscle tissue of the oesophagus

Question 15

what is scleroderma?

Answer 15

• elastic tissue in the oesophagus is replaced with fibrous tissue

Question 16

what is acid related fibrosis also known as?

Answer 16

GORD

Question 17

what occurs in a patient with GORD?

Answer 17

acid reflux causes irritation and eventual loss of muscle and elastic tissue in the oesophagus, which is then replaced by fibrous tissue

Question 18

what neuromuscular disorders can affect the oesophagus?

Answer 18

• Parkinson’s disease
• diabetes mellitus
• achalasia

Question 19

what is achalasia?

Answer 19

• condition in which the nerve supply to the oesophagus doesnt form properly

Question 20

what are the 3 main causes of GORD?

Answer 20

• defective lower oesophageal sphincter
• impaired lower clearing (oesophagus not emptying)
• impaired gastric emptying (stomach stays too full)

Question 21

what are signs and symptoms of GORD?

Answer 21

• epigastic burning (worse lying down, bending, pregnancy)
• dysphagia
• GI bleeding
• severe pain !

Question 22

what can GORD lead to?

Answer 22

• ulceration and inflammation of oesophagus

- metaplasia

Question 23

what is metaplasia of the oesophagus called?

Answer 23

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Question 24

what is Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 24

precancerous!!!!!!!!

Question 25

what is the condition called when part of the stomach is in the THORAX?

Answer 25

hiatus hernia

Question 26

what are symptoms of a Hiatus Hernia similar to?

Answer 26

symptoms similar to GORD

Question 27

how is GORD managed?

Answer 27

• smoking cessation
• weight loss
• antacids
• H2 blockers and PPI’s
• increase GI motility and gastric emptying