Gastrointestinal

Question 1

Digestive Enzyme

Answer 1

supplemental enzyme that helps digest PTNs
indications- indigestion
action- digestive
herbs- papaya, pineapple
phytochem- protein (papin, bromelain)

Question 2

Bitter Tonic

Answer 2

stimulate appetite, promotes digestions, tones digestive tract
indications- dyspepsia, atonic stomach, poor appetite, hyrochloryhydria
action- stomachic, cholagoge, cholerectic, hepatic, silagogue, mild laxative
herbs- yellow gentian, quinine, tree, greater celandine, boldo, goldenseal, barberry, chicory, dandelioin, milk thistle, burdock root
phytochem- iridoid glycosides, quinoline alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, sesquiterpene lactone
* cause release of digestive juices by stimulating gastrin and CCK, can iritate/aggravate gastritis, ulcers, GERD

Question 3

Stomachic

Answer 3

tones stomach and helps digestions
indications- indigestion, hypochlorhydria
herbs- bitter (garden angelica, wormwood)
* can irritate/aggravate gastritis, ulcers, GERD

Question 4

Choloretic

Answer 4

increase prod and release bile from liver
indication- idigiestion, cholestasis, gall bladder sludge, gallstones, detoxification
herbs- bitters(garden angelica, wormwood)

Question 5

Cholagogue

Answer 5

stimulates contraction of gall bladder to release bile
indications- indigestion, cholestasis, gall bladder sludge, gall stones, detox
herbs- bitter (garden angelica, wormwood)

Question 6

Carminative

Answer 6

increase digestion, normalizes bowels, decreases gas and bloating
indic- indigestion, colic, flatulence
herbs- peppermint, lemon balm
phyto- Eoils
* may aggravate GERD

Question 7

Aromatic Bitter

Answer 7

carminative, tone digestive tract
indication- atonic stomach, colic, gall bladder complaints
action- bitter, carminative
herbs- (garden angelica, wormwood)

Question 8

Antispasmodic

Answer 8

prevents and relieves spasms/cramping of smooth muscles
indic- intestinal colic(gas), biliary colic (gall stones)
herbs- greater celandine, deadly nightshade, opium poppy
phytochem- essential oil, alkaloids, coumarins, pthalides

Question 9

Antiemetic

Answer 9

relieves nausea and vomitting
indictation- nausea and vomitting, morning sickness, sea sickness, side effects of meds (chemo)
herbs- ginger, chamomile, peppermint

Question 10

Silagogue

Answer 10

Stimulates salivation
indicat- indigestion
herbs- yellow gentian, ginger, cayenne

Question 11

Demulcent

Answer 11

decreases formation and speeds up healing of ulcers
indicat- gastric and peptic ulcer
action- astringent, vulnerary, antacid
herbs- licorice, meadowsweet, chamomile

Question 12

vulnerary

Answer 12

speeds up healing of wounds
indic-gastric ulcer, mouth ulcer, heartburn
herbs- chamomile, marigold, greater plantain

Question 13

Emetic-

Answer 13

induces vomitting
indication- poisoning, detox, certain infections
herb- ipecac, indian tobacco
phytochem- alkaloids
* contraindicated w certain corrosives

Question 14

Hepatic

Answer 14

aids liver function
indication- detox, liver disease, lazy liver
action- bitter, cholagogue, choleretic, hepatoprotective
herb- dandelion, barberry, chicory

Question 15

hepatoprotective

Answer 15

directly/indirectly protects liver
indication- detox, hepatitis, adverse drug rx, mushroom poisoning
action- antioxidant, antiinflammatory
herbs- milk thistle, ginseng, tumeric
phytochem- flavolignans, triterp, polyphenolic

Question 16

p450 inhibitor

Answer 16

inhibits phase 1 detox- decreases drug clearance
herbs- grapefruit juice
phytochemical- flavone, furano coumarins
* grapefruit juice alters bioavailability and increase blood level

Question 17

p450 Inducer

Answer 17

increases activity of p450- increases drug clearance and/or formation of toxic intermediates
herbs- SJW, cruciferous veggies
* need phase 2 detox pathway or else can lead to production of reactive intermediates

Question 18

Phase 2 inducers

Answer 18

induces phase 2 enzymes- provide substrates for conjugation
herbs- garlic, cruciferous veggies, milk thistle
phytochem- organosulfurs

Question 19

Stimulating laxatives

Answer 19

promotes bowel movements by increasing water into lumen and bowel stimulating parastalsis
indications- constipation
actions- increase fluid in lumen, increase peristalsis
Herbs- castor oil, senna, aloe resin
* may cause dependence, may affect electorlytes

Question 20

Bulk Laxative

Answer 20

absorbs water creating bulk to stimulate stretch receptors
indications- sluggish bowels, chronic consitpation
herbs- psyllium husk, ground flax
phytochem- soluble fiber
* not recommended acutely

Question 21

Prebiotic

Answer 21

increases growth of good bacteria in gut
indications- dysbiosis, poor immunity, constipation, diarrhea, leaky gut
action- immunomodulator, laxative
herbs- chicory root, burdock root, dandelion root, oatmeal
phyto- soluble fiber, inulin, oligosaccharides
* bacteria in gut produce SCFAs