Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USMLE STEP 1 > GASTROINTESTINAL > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The foregut extends from the ….. to the ….. at the level of ….. and ….. ?

A

The foregut extends from the oesophagus to the duodenum at the level of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct insertion (Ampulla of Vater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The midgut extends from the …. …. to the ….. …. of the …. …..

A

The midgut extends from the lower duodenum to the proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The hindgut extends from the ….. …. of the …. … to the … …. …. …. …

A

The hindgut extends from the distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to the anal canal above the pectinate line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name a ventral wall defect due to:
1) Rostral fold closure
2) Lateral fold closure (x2)
3) Caudal fold closure

A

1) Ectopia cordis
2) Gastroschisis, Omphalocoele
3) Bladder exstrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the location of the herniation of abdominal wall contents in:
1) Gastroschisis?
2) Omphalocele?

A

1) Gastroschisis - paraumbilical herniation of the abdominal wall contents through abdominal wall defect
2) Herniation of abdominal wall contents through the umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Between gastroschisis and omphalocoele, which is covered by peritoneum and amnion and which isn’t?

A

Gastroschisis - covered by peritoneum and amnion VS
Omphalocele - uncovered by either peritoneum or amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gastroschisis has good or bad prognosis?

A

Good prognosis (since not associated with chromosomal abnormalities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is omphalocoele associated with chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which chromosomal abnormalities are associated with Omphalocoele?

A

Trisomies 13 and 18
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do congenital umbilical hernias happen embryologically speaking?

A

Due to failure of the umbilical ring to close after physiologic herniation of midgut, covered by skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 2 associations with congenital umbilical hernias |(2 other conditions)

A
  1. Down’s syndrome
  2. Congenital hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 3 different types of tracheosophageal anomalies
(Also which is most common?)

A
  1. Pure oesophageal atresia
  2. Pure tracheo-oesophageal fistula (H-type)
  3. Oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula (Most common)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How will each type of oesophageal anomaly make the stomach look on CXR?

A
  1. Pure oesophageal atresia (gasless stomach)
  2. Pure tracheo-oesophageal fistula (prominent gastric bubble)
  3. Oesophageal atresia with distal TEF (prominent gastric bubble)

Note in normal anatomy there is a small gastric bubble on CXR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a useful clinical test indicative of oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

Failure to pass an NG into the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CXR sign in duodenal atresia?

A

“Double bubble sign”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outline the arterial supply to the foregut, midgut and hindgut

A

Abdominal aorta —- coeliac axis then SMA then IMA
Coeliac axis supplies the foregut, SMA supplies the midgut, IMA supplies the hindgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What CXR sign is shown in jejunal and ileal atresia?

A

Triple bubble sign

18
Q

Duodenal atresia is associated with which other condition?

A

Down’s syndrome

19
Q

Jejunal and ileal atresia is associated with which 2 other conditions?

A

Cystic fibrosis
Gastroschisis

20
Q

Jejunal and ileal atresia may be caused by what maternal behaviours during pregnancy?

A

Tobacco smoking
Cocaine use (vasoconstrictive effect)

21
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis presents with what electrolyte / acid-base disturbance?

A

Hypokalaemic, hyperchloraemic metabolic alkalosis

21
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis more common in F or M?

A

M (often firstborn males)

22
Q

What imaging investigation can be used to identify hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and what would it find?

A

U/s - thickened and lengthened pylorus

23
Q

What is the management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

Pyloromyotomy (surgical incision of pyloric muscles)

24
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is associated with exposure to which drug?

A

Macrolide

25
Q

Pancreas is derived from foregut, midgut or hindgut?

A

Pancreas is derived from the foregut

26
Q

Embryologically with regards the pancreas, the …. ….. … contributes to the uncinate process. Both … and … … contribute to …. … and main …. ……

A

Embryologically with regards the pancreas, the ventral bud contributes to the uncinate process. Both the ventral and dorsal buds contribute to the pancreatic head and the main pancreatic duct

27
Q

How does annular pancreas occur, and how does it present?
Name another condition it is associated with

A

The ventral bud rotates abnormally forming a ring of pancreatic tissue which encircles the 2nd part of the duodenum which causes duodenal narrowing - presenting as vomiting
Associated with Down’s syndrome

28
Q

How does pancreas divisum present embryologically and how might it present?

A

Failure of ventral and dorsal buds of pancreas to fuse at 7 weeks of development
Mostly asymptomatic, but may cause chronic abdominal pain and / or pancreatitis

29
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the pancreas

A

Abdominal aorta - coeliac trunk - splenic artery

30
Q

List the retroperitoneal structures

A

SADPUCKER
Suprarenal (adrenal glands)
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum (D2-D4)
Pancreas (except tail)
Ureters
Colon (descending and ascending)
Kidneys
E (oesophagus)
Rectum (partially)

31
Q

Pg 368 labelling of GI ligaments

A

See page 368

32
Q

What structure(s) are contained within the falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis (derivative of foetal umbilical vein), patent paraumbilical veins

33
Q

What structure(s) are contained within the hepatoduodenal ligament?

A

Portal triad: proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct

34
Q

What structure(s) are contained within the hepatogastric ligament?

A

Gastric vessels

35
Q

What structure(s) are contained within the gastrocolic ligament?

A

Gastroepiploic arteries

36
Q

What structure(s) are contained within the gastrosplenic ligament?

A

Short gastrics, left gastroepiploic vessels

37
Q

What structure(s) are contained within the splenorenal ligament?

A

Splenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas

38
Q

Out of the following GI ligaments match them to whether they are ventral or dorsal mesentery derivatives:
1. Hepatoduodenal ligament
2. Hepatogastric ligament
3. Gastrocolic ligament
4. Gastrosplenic ligament
5. Splenorenal ligament
6. Falciform ligament

A
  1. Hepatoduodenal ligament - ventral mesentery
  2. Hepatogastric ligament - ventral mesentery
  3. Gastrocolic ligament - dorsal mesentery
  4. Gastrosplenic ligament - dorsal mesentery
  5. Splenorenal ligament - dorsal mesentery
  6. Falciform ligament - ventral mesentery
39
Q
A

USMLE STEP 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions