Gastrointestinal

Question 1

Dysphagia causes:

Answer 1

• Extrinsic:
  Mediastinal masses
  Cervical spondylosis
• Oesophageal wall
  Achalasia
  Diffuse oesophageal spasm
  Hypertensive lower oesophageal sphincter
• Intrinsic
  Tumours
  Strictures
  Oesophageal web
  Schatzki rings
• Neurological
  CVA
  Parkinson’s disease
  Multiple Sclerosis
  Brainstem pathology
  Myasthenia Gravis