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Physiology > Gastrointestinal 1 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the GI system begin? How does it continue after?

A

*Begins at the Mouth
*Followed by (in order) the esophagus–>stomach–>small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ilium)–> large intestine–>anus.

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2
Q

What 4 organs/glands serve excretory functions in the GI system?

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. Liver
  4. Gall Bladder
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3
Q

What three systems provide integrated regulation to the GI?

A
  1. Local
  2. Nervous
  3. Hormonal
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4
Q

(T/F) Circular smooth muscle contraction decreases the diameter of the GI segment.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

(T/F) Longitudinal muscle contraction increases the length of the GI segment.

A

FALSE.
*Decreases the length of the GI segment

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6
Q

What two types of contraction are responsible for the characteristic motility in the GI?

A
  1. Circular smooth muscle contraction
  2. Longitudinal muscle contraction
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7
Q

(T/F) Peristalsis and Segmentation are a part of the GI motility.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What is the Master Integrator? Where does it receive sensory inputs from?

A
  1. The Enteric Nervous System
  2. From Gut & Effector inputs from the SNS and PNS
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9
Q

Continuous with the mesenteries & consists of an enveloping layer of connective tissue, covered with squamous epithelial cells.

A

Serosa

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10
Q

Includes 2 layers of smooth muscles:

Circular inner layer, and longitudinal outer layer

A

Muscularis

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11
Q

What is present between the two layers of the Muscularis?

A

Enteric Neurons

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12
Q

Consists of loose connective tissue and larger blood vessels; also contains submucosal glands & Submucosaal nerve plexus (Meissner’s)

A

Submucosa

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13
Q

Consists of the epithelial layer, and an underlying layer of loose connective tissue (LAMINA PROPRIA)

A

Mucosa

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14
Q

(T/F) Mucosa contains capillaries, enteric neurons and immune cells (mast cells)

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What is the thin layer of smooth muscle in the Mucosa?

A

Lamina Muscularis Mucosae

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16
Q

(T/F) The surface area of the epithelial layer is amplified by several mechanisms.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

(T/F) Few cells have microvilli on their apical surfaces.

A

FALSE
*Most cells

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18
Q

How are villi and crypts formed?

A

The evagination of the cells in the epithelial layer.

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19
Q

How is the mucosa organized?

A

In large folds

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20
Q

What 2 functions do epithelial cells serve in the GI mucosa?

A

Absorptive & Excretory functions
*Shape and type of secretions change with the site of cells in the GI tract.

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21
Q

All of the GI tract has smooth muscle except for what 3 places?

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Upper 1/3 of esophagus
  3. External anal sphincter
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22
Q

What type of muscle is GI smooth muscle? What ensures smooth and coordinated contraction?

A
  1. Visceral “unitary” type
  2. Gap junctions
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23
Q

Name 4 ways GI muscles are stimulated.

A
  1. Self excitation
  2. Activated by stretch
  3. Hormones
  4. Local Tissue factors
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24
Q

What 3 drugs can affect GI smooth muscle?

A
  1. Nicotine
  2. Alcohol
  3. Caffeine
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25
Q

Where are slow waves of membrane potential generated?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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26
Q

(T/F) Slow waves are rhythmic changes in threshold potential initiated by interstitial cells of Cajal.

A

FALSE
*changes in membrane potential

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27
Q

(T/F) Interstitial cells of Cajal are also known as pacemaker cells.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Name each segment involved in slow waves and their specific frequency. HINT: There are 5 segments

A
  1. Stomach- 3/min
  2. Ilium- 8/min
  3. Colon- 11/min
  4. Small intestine- 12/min
  5. Rectum- 17/min

*Determines maximal possible frequency of contraction

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29
Q

(T/F) Spike potentials develop on top of slow waves when they reach threshold potential (~ -40 mV).

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Describe the relationship between amplitude, spike potentials, and gut motility. HINT: Starts with amplitude, ends with gut motility.

A

Higher amplitude –> More spike potentials –> stronger gut motility

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31
Q

When at rest, what organ maintains a positive pressure that is higher than the pressure in adjacent organs. What does this characteristic prevent?

A
  1. Sphincter
  2. Prevents both anterograde (forward) and retrograde (backward) flow.
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32
Q

Sensory information from the GI system is received, integrated, and responded to by what?

A
  1. Enteric Nervous System (ENS) (Intrinsic)
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33
Q

What are the 4 short reflexes that regulates the GI?

A
  1. Secretion
  2. Motility (peristalsis, mixing concentrations)
  3. Local inhibitory effects
  4. Growth
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34
Q

In the gut wall, there are two plexuses that receive sensory signals from the gut lumen or the CNS. What are they?

A
  1. Myenteric Plexus
  2. Submucosal Plexus
35
Q

The enteric nervous system can function independently. But stimulation by either the PNS or SNS systems can do what?

A

Greatly enhance or inhibit GI functions.

36
Q

What three characteristics to afferent sensory fibers that pass from the luminal epithelium to the enteric plexuses have?

A
  1. Irritation of gut mucosa
  2. Excessive gut distension
  3. Presence of peptides, H+
37
Q

Name the nerve and whether it is PNS or SNS:
Upper GI through ascending colon (including striated muscle of esophagus)

A

Vagus Nerve (PNS)

38
Q

Both afferent and efferent limbs are in the Vagus nerve. But are these called?

A

Vagovagal reflexes (PNS)

39
Q

Name the nerve and whether it is PNS or SNS:
Lower GI (colon and anal striated ms)

A

Pelvic Nerve (PNS)

40
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers synapse? (PNS)

A

In the walls of the GI, within the myenteric and submucosal plexuses (PNS)

41
Q

What are the two categories of post-ganglionic neurons? (PNS)

A
  1. Cholinergic (Ach)
  2. Peptidergic (VIP)
42
Q

Information from the PNS are coordinated in what plexus? Where is the info relayed too?

A
  1. Enteric plexus
  2. Smooth muscle, Endocrine cells, Secretory cells
43
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic fibers synapse in the SNS?

A

Outside the GI tract

44
Q

What are the 4 sympathetic ganglia of the SNS?

A
  1. Celiac
  2. Superior mesenteric
  3. Inferior mesenteric
  4. Hypogastric
45
Q

What is the post-ganglionic neuron of the SNS?

A

Adrenergic (NE)

46
Q

(T/F) Adrenergic fibers can synapse with enteric plexuses or directly with smooth muscles, and mucosa.

A

TRUE

47
Q

What three things can NE cause?

A
  1. Relaxation of smooth muscles
  2. Contraction of sphincters
  3. Increase salivary secretion
48
Q

What are the 3 GI regulatory substances?

A
  1. Endocrine (hormones)
  2. Paracrines
  3. Neurocrines
49
Q

Cells of the GI mucosa, not concentrated in glans but are single cells or groups of cells spread over large areas. They pass through the portal circulation to systemic circulation.

A

Endocrine (hormones)

50
Q

What does the endocrine hormone Gastrin do?

A

Causes acid secretion

51
Q

What does the endocrine hormone Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide do?

A

Release insulin from beta cells of the Pancreas

52
Q

Name two other endocrine hormones?

A
  1. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  2. Secretin
53
Q

Act locally within the same tissue

A

Paracrines

54
Q

What are the two paracrines?

A
  1. Somatostatin
  2. Histamine
55
Q

(T/F) Somatostatin is secreted by D cells of GI mucosa (in response to low pH), and inhibit H+ secretion.

A

TRUE

56
Q

(T/F) Histamines are peptides that stimulate H+ secretion.

A

FALSE
*Not peptides

57
Q

Synthesized in neurons of the GI tract and are released following stimulation.

A

Neurocrines

58
Q

(T/F) Neurocrines can be eleased by either PNS (Ach and GRP), SNS (NE) or enteric plexuses (VIP, NO, & Enkephalins “opiates”)

A

TRUE

59
Q

Aims at mixing and fragmenting food and mixing it with digestive enzymes, to be digested and absorbed.

A

Gut Motility

60
Q

What are the two types of movements involved in gut motility?

A
  1. Peristalsis
  2. Mixing food
61
Q

In peristalsis which of the following is proximal and which is distal to the food:

  1. Reflex contraction
  2. Relaxation
A
  1. Reflex contraction is proximal to the food
  2. Relaxation is distal to the food
62
Q

What direction does food move in peristalsis?

A

Caudal direction (toward the tail)

63
Q

In the mixing of food, circular and longitudinal muscles alternate contraction and relaxation causing what two things?

A
  1. Segmentation
  2. Pendular movements
64
Q

(T/F) The mixing of food ensures that chyme and digestive enzymes maintain variable composition and texture.

A

FALSE
*maintain uniform composition and texture

65
Q

(T/F) Mixing of food ensures nutrients are in contact with epithelial cells for proper absorption.

A

TRUE

66
Q

What are the four processes of the Digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion and Swallowing
  2. Digestion and Secretion
  3. Absorption
  4. Motility and Defecation
67
Q

How does the digestive system maintain homeostasis?

A

Volume of fluid entering GI tract by intake or secretion MUST EQUAL volume leaving the lumen by absorption or excretion

68
Q

The chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller units that can be taken up across the intestinal epithelium into the body.

A

Digestion and Secretion

69
Q

Mixes food with salivary mucus to lubricate it and facilitate swallowing, reduce size of food parts, and mixes carbs with salivary AMYLASE to begin digestion.

A

Chewing

70
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Oral phase (voluntary)
  2. Pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
  3. Esophageal phase
71
Q

Tongue positions food against hard palate. Entrance of the food triggers a swallowing reflex.

A

Oral phase

72
Q

Step 1 of Pharyngeal phase: what closes the nasopharynx?

A

The soft palate retracting

73
Q

Step 2 of Pharyngeal phase: (T/F) Vocal cords are pulled together and the larynx is moved forward and upward against the epiglottis.

A

TRUE

74
Q

Step 3 of Pharyngeal phase: What relaxes to receive the food bolus?

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)

75
Q

Step 4 of Pharyngeal phase: (T/F)
Superior constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract to force the bolus into the pharynx and through UES.

A

TRUE

76
Q

Partly controlled by the swallowing reflex and partly by the enteric nervous system.

A

Esophageal phase

77
Q

In the esophageal phase of swallowing, when the food bolus passes the UES, the reflex closes the sphincter to prevent reflux, and then what begins?

A

A primary peristaltic wave begins

78
Q

What are the three main groups of salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotids
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
79
Q

Produce water or serous saliva rich in enzymes

A

Parotids

80
Q

Serous and mucus elements

A

Submandibular

81
Q

Produce mucus saliva

A

Sublingual

82
Q

What function to small buccal glands have?

A

Antibacterial function

83
Q

What unique characteristic of salivary glands further increases with salivary gland stimulation?

A

High Blood Flow

84
Q
A

Physiology (2 decks)

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