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PHYSIOLOGY > Gastro-Intestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastro-Intestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine and large intestine collectively known as?

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

what are the 4 major tissue layers that make the GIT tract?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
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3
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the GIT?

A
  1. motility
  2. secretion
  3. digestion
  4. absorption
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4
Q

what are the 2 types of digestive motility?

A
  1. propulsive movement

2. mixing movement

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5
Q

where does most absorption occur in the GIT?

A

small intestine

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6
Q

what are the 2 nervous systems that regulate the functioning of the GIT?

A

Intrinsic [Enteric Nervous System], Extrinsic [ Autonomic Nervous System]

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7
Q

what are the 2 plexuses of the enteric nervous system?

A
  1. Myenteric plexus [Auerbach]

2. Submucosal plexus [plexus of Meissner]

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8
Q

what is the difference in function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems in the GIT?

A 
PNS= stimulates motility and secretion via Vagus nerve
SNS= inhibits digestion
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9
Q

what is the term synonymous to Swallowing?

A

deglutition

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10
Q

what are the 3 phases of swallowing and is each phase voluntary or involuntary?

A
  1. Buccal [oral] phase= voluntary
  2. Pharyngeal phase= involuntary
  3. Esophageal phase= involuntary
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11
Q

what are the 2 sphincters present in the esophagus?

A

pharyngoesophageal sphincter and gastroesophageal sphincter

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12
Q

what are the 3 developments within the stomach that prevent it from digesting itself?

A
  1. epithelial cells with tight junctions
  2. thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on wall
  3. gastric glands that are impermeable to HCl
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13
Q

what are the 4 types of gastric exocrine secretory cells and their functions?

A
  1. Parietal cells = secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
  2. G cells= secrete hormones and other substances
  3. Chief Cells= pepsinogen
  4. Mucous Cells= mucus
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14
Q

what are the 3 phases of the regulation of gastric juice secretion?

A
  1. cephalic phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
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15
Q

what are the 3 ligands that stimulate HCl secretion?

A

ACh, Histamine, Gastrin

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16
Q

what happens at the antrum of the stomach?

A

mixing occurs

17
Q

what feature of the stomach closes to prevent food from leaving the stomach while mixing occurs.

A

pyloric sphincter

18
Q

what are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

19
Q

true or false. The juice secreted by the small intestine cells contains digestive enzymes

A

false

20
Q

what stimulates the defecation reflex?

A

stretch receptors in rectal wall are stimulated by distension.

21
Q

which hormone is released due to the presence of proteins in the stomach?

A

gastrin

22
Q

which hormone is released due to the presence of acid in the duodenum?

A

secretin

23
Q

give two functions of the hormone secretin

A
  1. inhibits gastric emptying
  2. stimulates liver to release Na2CO3 for neutralization
  3. inhibits gastric acid release
24
Q

which hormone stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete pancreatic enzymes?

A

Cholecystokinin

25
Q

what is the importance of the liver in the digestive system?

A

secretes bile salts

26
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

carries deoxygenated nutrient rich blood from the GIT to the liver for processing.

27
Q

when and where are bile salts released from the gallbladder and why?

A

bile salts are released after meals into the duodenum into to break down large fat globules into smaller droplets.

28
Q

true or false. digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the stomach.

A

false

29
Q

what are chylomicrons?

A

lipoproteins composed mainly of triglycerides that transport cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins from dietary lipids from intestines via lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

30
Q

name the fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

31
Q

what is the major cause of ulcer formation?

A

Helicobacter pylori bacteria

32
Q

what causes gallstones?

A

when the concentration of cholesterol in the bile is greater than the concentration of the phospholipids and bile salt, , the cholesterol crystalizes

33
Q

what is the condition characterized by large, frequent watery stools termed as

A

diarrhea

34
Q

what causes lactose intolerance?

A

when lactase does does not properly digest lactose

PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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