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Medical Mnemonics > Gastro/GI > Flashcards

Gastro/GI Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cx of cirrhosis

A

CAVES

Coagulopathy
Ascites
Varices
Encephalopathy
SBP
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2
Q

Five F’s of abdominal distension

A 
Fluid 
Flatus
Feces
Fetus
Fat
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3
Q

PBC presentation (jaundice occurs late)

A

PPBBCCS

Pruritus 
Pigmentation of face
Bones: osteoporosis, osteomalacia (reduced vit D)
Big organs: HSM
Cirrhosis and coagulopathy
Cholesterol up
Steatorrhoea
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4
Q

Raised ALP (= alkaline phosphatase)

A

ALKPHOS

Any fracture
Liver damage
K for Kancer
Paget’s disease
HyperPTH
Osteomalacia
Surgery
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5
Q

Causes of intrahepatic liver failure

A

3 C’s and 3 I’s

Chronic liver disease
Carcinoma
Congestive cardiac failure
Immunological (PBC/PSC and AIH)
Infiltrative (amyloid and myeloproliferative disorders)
Infectious (HBV and HCV)
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6
Q

Signs of liver decompensation

A

3 A’s

Ascites
Asterixis
Altered mental state

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7
Q

Rule of 2s for Meckel’s diverticulum

A 
2 inches 
2 feet from the ileocaecal valve
2% of the population
Presents in first 2 years of life
2 types of epithelial tissue
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8
Q

Hereditary haemocrhomatosis features

A

MEALS

Myocardial: dilated CM, Arrhyhtmias
Endocrine: Pancreas DM, Pituitary, Parathyroid
Arthritis
Liver: CLD
Skin: slate grey
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9
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

CLANK

Cornea
- Kayser-Fleischer rings
Liver disease
Arhtiritis
Neurological
- Parkinsonism, psychos-s
Kidney 
- Fanconi’s syndrome
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10
Q

Precipitants of portal hypertension

A

HEPATICS

Haemorrhage
Electorlytes ( low K, Na)
Poisons: diuretics, sedatives, anaethetics
Alcohol
Tumour: HCC
Infection: SBP, pneumonia, UTI, HDV
Constipation
Sugar
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11
Q

Portal hypertension presentation

A

ACDCs

Asterixis, ataxia
Confusion
Dysarthria
Constructional apraxia
Seizure
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12
Q

Portal htn signs

A

SAVE

Splenomegaly
Ascites
Varices
Enphalopathy

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13
Q

Drug causes of gynaecomastia

A

Drug causes of gynaecomastia: SACKED

Spironolactone, 
alcohol, 
cimetidine, 
Ketoconazole
Estrogen
Digitalis
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14
Q

Signs of Cirrhosis

A

Signs of Cirrhosis: ABCDE

Asterixis, ascites
Bruises
Clubbing
Dupuytren’s
Erythema
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15
Q

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer

A

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: SINED

Smoking 
Inflammation: chronic pancreatitis
Nutrition: high fat diet
EtOH
DM
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16
Q

Acute Pancreatitis causes

A

Acute Pancreatitis causes: I GET SMASHED

Idiopathic
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune
Scorpion sting
Hypercalcaemia
ERCP 
DRUGS
17
Q

Chronic pancreatitis causes

A

Chronic pancreatitis causes: AGITS

Alcohol
Genetic: CF, HH,
Immune: lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis
Triglycerides are raised
Structural: Pancreas divisum or obstruction by tumou

18
Q

Presentations of Coeliac Disease

A

Presentations of Coeliac Disease: GLIAD

GI malabsorption: carbs, fat, protein, haematinics, vitamins
Lymphoma and carcinoma
Immune associations: IgA def., T1DM, PBC
Anaemia
Dermatological: dermatitis herpetiformis
19
Q

Treatments of IBD

A

5-PC, 5-AI, CAMI

UC:
- 5-PC induction - 5-ASA, prednisolone, ciclosporin
- 5-AI maintenance - 5-ASA, Azathiprine, infliximab
CD:
- Corticosteroids, azathioprine, methotrexate, infliximab

20
Q

Carcinoid Tumour

A

FIVE-HT

Flushing: paroxysmal, upper body and with or without wheals
Intestinal: diarrhoea
Valve fibrosis: TR and PS
whEEze: bronchoconstriction
Hepatic involvement: bypassed 1st pass metabolism
Tryptophan deficiency: pellagra (3Ds)
- Pellagra:
- Diarrhoea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
21
Q

Haematemesis causes

A

Haematemesis: VINTAGE

Varices
Inflammation: oesophag-/gastr-itis or PUD (duodenal)
Neoplasia: oesophageal or gastric
Trauma: Mallory-Weiss tear (mucosal tear due to vomiting)
Boerhaave’s: full thickness tear 2cm proximal to LOS
Angiodysplasia and vascular anomalies: angiodysplasia, hereditary haemoragic telangectasia, Dieulafoy lesion (rupture of a large arteriole in stomach/bowel)
General bleeding: anticoagulants and chronic renal failure
Epistaxis

22
Q

Rectal bleeding

A

DRIPPING arse

Diverticulae
Rectal: haemorrhoids
Infection: camply, shige, E. coli, C, diff, amoebiasis 
Polyps
Inflammation: UC and Crohn's
Neoplasia
Gastric Upper Bleeding 
Angio: ischaemic colitis, HHT, angiodysplasia
23
Q

Alcoholism screening tool

A

Alcoholism screening tool: CAGE

Felt you should Cut down?
People Annoyed you by criticising your drinking?
Guilty feeling about your drinking?
Eye opener needed?

24
Q

Causes of liver failure

A 
Causes of liver failure: VADAM
Viral
EtOH
Drugs
Autoimmune (PBC, PSC, AIH)
Metabolic
25
Q

Risk factors for cholecystitis

A

5 F’s

Fat 
Female
Forty
Fertile
Fair
26
Q

Glasgow score for acute pancreatitis

A

Glasgow score for acute pancreatitis: PANCREAS

PaO2 <6
Age >55
Neutrophils > 15
Calcium < 2
Urea > 16
Enzyme < 600
Albumin < 32
Sugar > 10
27
Q

Release of enzymes in pancreatitis

A

Release of enzymes in pancreatitis: English Premier League

Elastases
Proteases
Lipases

28
Q

Causes of Splenomegaly

A

Causes of Splenomegaly: MILD

Myeloproliferative
- CML
Infiltrative	
- Gaucher disease (deposition of glucocerebroside in cells of the macrophage-monocyte system)
Lymphopriolferative
- CLL
Developing world
- Malaria
- Visceral Leishmaniasis
29
Q

Causes of massive splenomegaly

A

Causes of massive splenomegaly: MMM

Malaria
CML
Myelofibrosis
and visceral leishmaniasis

30
Q

Causes of constipation

A

Causes of constipation: OPENED IT

Obstruction
Pain
Anal fissure
Proctalgia fugax
Endocrine/electrolytes
Hypothyroidism
Reduced calcium, hypokalaemia, uraemia
Neuro
MS
Myelopathy
Cauda Equina
Elderly
Diet/dehydration
IBS
Toxins
Opioids
Anti-MAch
31
Q

ALARM symptoms

A

ALARM symptoms

Anaemia
Loss of wt. 
Anorexia
Recent onset of progressive symptoms
Melaena or haematemesis
Swallowing difficulty
32
Q

ABCD of alcoholism

A

Ascitic tap
B12 vitaimins
Chlordiazepoxide
Dietary requirements

33
Q

Child-Pugh classification for grading of cirrhosis

A 
Albumin 
Bilirubin 
Coagulopathy
Distension (ascites)
Encephalopathy
34
Q

Causes for vomiting

A

ABCDEFGHI

AKI
Brain (raised ICP)
Cardiac (MI)
DKA
Ears
Foreign substance
Gravidity
HyperCa2+/hyperNa
Infection
35
Q

Indications for splenectomy

A

HI RAT

Hyperslepnism/HS
ITP
Rupture
AIHA
Trauma
36
Q

Differentials fo bilateral enlarged kidneys

A 
Differentials fo bilateral enlarged kidneys: ABBA
ADPKD
Bilateral RCC (5%)
Bilateral cysts (VHL)
Amyloidosis

Medical Mnemonics (4 decks)

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