Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histopath gastro > Gastro > Flashcards

Gastro Flashcards

1
Q

Commonest cause of oesophagi’s

A

GORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intestinal metaplasia of squamous epithelium leading to replacement with columnar epithelium

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Seen in 10% of those with symptomatic GORD

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This cancer is associated with Barrett’s oesophagus and is usually seen in distal 1/3

A

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Risk factors include: achalasia, Plummer vinson syndrome, nutritional deficiencies, nitrosamines

A

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where in the oesophagus is squamous cell carcinoma most commonly found?

A

Middle 1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Progressive dysphagia, odynophagia, anorexia, severe weight loss, rapid growth and early spread (LNs, liver and proximal structures)

A

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment for oesophageal varies

A

Emergency endoscopy - sclerotherapy/banding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neutrophilic infiltrate in submucosa of stomach

A

Acute gastritis

Risk factors include: aspirin, NSAIDs, corrosives, H. pylori.

Usually transient. May be asymptomatic or show variable epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lymphocytic/plasma cells present in lamina propria

A

Chronic gastritis

Symptoms generally less severe but more persistent than those of acute gastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of chronic gastritis

A

H. pylori, pernicious anaemia, ETOH, smoking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Caused by chronic antigen stimulation due to presence of H. pylori

A

Gastric lymphoma.

Rx: treat H. pylori using triple therapy:
- PPI + carithromycin + amoxicillin or metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Breach through muscularis mucosa into submucosa of stomach

A

Gastric ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Type of ulcer exacerbated by food intake

A

Gastric ulcer

Occurs mainly in elderly
Biopsy shows punched out lesion with rolled margins
Complications: IDA, perforation (erect CXR), malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bronchoconstricution + flushing + diarrhoea

A

Carcinoid syndrome

Group of tumours arising from enterochromaffin cells produce 5-HT (serotonin). They are commonly found in the bowel. May also be found in lung, ovaries and testes.

Investigations: 24 hour 5-HIAA (5-HT metabolite)
Rx: Octreotide (somatostatin analogue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Life-threatening vasodilation, hypotension, tachycardia, bronchoconstriction, hypoglycaemia

A

Carcinoid crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Benign dysplastic lesions that are precursors to most adenocarcinomas

A

Adenomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mostly asymptomatic so need regular surveillance if over 3.4cm as 45% undergo malignant change

A

Adenomas

Large size is a risk factor for malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Villous adenoma

A

Rare adenoma that give hypoproteinaemic hypokalaemia due to leak of large amounts of protein and potassium

20
Q

Mutations involved in progression to adenocarcinoma

A

APC (1 mutation = at risk, 2 mutations = adenoma)

Further mutations in p53, and activation of KRAS and LOF = adenocarcinoma

21
Q

Hamartomatous polyp

A

Benign focal malformation found sporadically in some genetic or acquired syndromes.

22
Q

Colonic angiodysplasia

A

Common cause of acute and chronic rectal bleeding + IDA

23
Q

Juvenile polyps

A

Type of hamartomatous polyp involving focal malformations of the mucosa and lamina propria. They can lead to bleeding. Usually solitary and found in <5 year olds. Up to 100 found in juvenile polyposis (Autosomal dominant).

Colectomy may be required to stop haemorrhage

24
Q

Hyperplastic polyp

A

Seen at 50-60 years. Thought to be caused by shedding of epithelium leading to cell build up

25
Q

Pseudopolyps

A

Caused by IBD

26
Q

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant - LKB1 mutation.
Results in multiple polyps, freckles around mouth, palms and soles, mucocutaneous hyper pigmentation.
Increased risk of intussusception and malignancy – regular surveillance of GI tract, pelvis and gonads

27
Q

Non-neoplastic polyps (3)

A

Hamartomatous (juvenile polyposis, angiodysplasia, Peutz-Jeghers)
Hyperplastic polyps
Inflammatory polyps

28
Q

2nd commonest cause of cancer deaths in Uk

A

Colorectal carcinoma - 98% adenocarcinoma, 45% in rectum

29
Q

Name one protective factor against colorectal cancer

A

NSAIDS

30
Q

RFs for colorectal cancer

A

increased fat, decreased fibre in diet, obesity, familial syndromes, chronic IBD

31
Q

Right sided colorectal cancer

A

Fe deficiency anaemia + weight loss

32
Q

Left sided colorectal cancer

A

Change in bowel habit, cramps LLQ pain

33
Q

Ivx for colorectal carcinoma

A

Proctoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema, bloods (e.g. FBC) MRI/CT

34
Q

Tumour marker associated with colorectal cancer

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

35
Q

Duke’s staging of colorectal cancer - A

A

Confined to mucosa

5 year survival >95%

36
Q

Duke’s staging of colorectal cancer - B1

A

Extending into muscularis propria

5 year survival 67%

37
Q

Duke’s staging of colorectal cancer - B2

A

transmural invasion, no LN involvement

5 year survival 54%

38
Q

Duke’s staging of colorectal cancer - C1

A

Extending to muscularis propria + LN metastases

5 year survival 43%

39
Q

Duke’s staging of colorectal cancer - C2

A

Transmural invasion + LN involvement

5 year survival 23%

40
Q

Duke’s staging of colorectal cancer - D

A

Distant metastases

5 year survival <10%

41
Q

Surgical management of rectal cancer/low sigmoid cancer

A

<1-2cm above anal sphincter (lower 1/3 of rectum) - abdominoperineal resection
>1-2cm above anal sphincter - anterior resection

42
Q

Surgical management of sigmoid cancer

A

Sigmoid colectomy

43
Q

Surgical management of colorectal cancer in the descending colon and distal transverse

A

Left hemicolectomy

44
Q

Surgical management of colorectal cancer in the caecum, ascending colon and proximal transverse

A

Right hemicolectomy

45
Q

Management of colorectal carcinoma

A

Appropriate surgery + post-surgical radiotherapy to reduce the risk of local recurrence

Chemo in palliative care - 5-FU (fluorouracil)

Histopath gastro (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions