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Bio 3 End Semester > Gastro 3 > Flashcards

Gastro 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functional units of the liver are called?

A

Lobules

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2
Q

Functional cells of the liver are called?

A

Hepatocytes

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3
Q

Capillaries of the liver are called?

A

Sinusoids

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4
Q

Channels for the collection of bile are called?

A

Bile canaliculi

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5
Q

Blood travels from the GIT to the liver via the …….. ……. …….

A

Hepatic portal vein

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6
Q

Blood moves from the heart to the liver via the …….. ……….

A

Hepatic artery

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7
Q

Blood exits the liver and travels back to the heart via the ……. ……

A

Hepatic vein

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8
Q

The liver is responsible for the production of substances such as
1.
2.
3.

A

Cholesterol
Coagulation factors
Plasma proteins such as albumin

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9
Q

Do we get most of our cholesterol via production in the liver or through our dietary intake?
Why do we need cholesterol?

A

Through its production in the liver.

For the production of sex hormones.

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10
Q

Ammonia arises from amino acid metabolism, it is converted to ………. In the liver.

A

Urea

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11
Q

What nutrients are metabolised in the liver?

A

Fats proteins and carbs

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12
Q

What substances are stored in the liver?

A

Vitamins A B12
Glycogen
Iron

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13
Q

Detoxification occurs in the liver by breaking down ……

A

Drugs
Hormones
Wastes
Metals

(Via cytochrome p 450 enzymes)

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14
Q

Bile is an alkaline fluid containing …….. ……. and …………..
It is made in the ………… from …………….

A

Bile salts and bilirubin.
Liver
Cholesterol

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15
Q

What is bilirubin and where does it go?

A

It is a waste product from the breakdown of erythrocytes and is excreted in urine and faeces.

(It is what makes faeces brown).

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16
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

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17
Q

Where is bile released?

A

In the duodenum

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18
Q

What is the role of bile salts?

A

Assists digestion and absorption of fats in duodenum.

It is recycled via enterohepatic circulation.

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19
Q

Enterohepatic circulation involves …………. substances from intestines to liver.

A

Recycling

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20
Q

…… ……. are released into duodenum for fat digestion and absorption.

A

Bile salts

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21
Q

What is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and returned to the liver?
In what process does this occur?

A

Bile salts

Enterohepatic circulation

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22
Q

Haemoglobin from erythrocytes is broken down into haeme and globin.

Globin is broken down into ……… ………..
Haeme is converted to ……………..

A

Amino Acids

Bilirubin

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23
Q

…………… is metabolised in the liver and is secreted in bile into the duodenum.

A

Bilirubin

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24
Q

Bilirubin is a …….. ……… from the breakdown of erythrocytes and is excreted through the ……… and ………….

A

Waste product

Urine and faeces

25
Q

Increased concentration of ……. can lead to formation of …………. Of crystallised cholesterol (cholelithiasis).

A

Bile

Gallstones

26
Q

Risk factors for developing gallstones include……

A

Age
Oral contraceptives
Pregnancy
Obesity

27
Q

What do gallstones do?

What is the effect of that?

A

Block the cystic duct.
Causes inflammation and infection of the gallbladder

(Bilirubin backs up if gallstones block duct)

28
Q

Liver disease is characterised by …………. of the liver and ………….. death.

A

Inflammation.

Hepatocyte.

29
Q

Acute hepatitis can be due to……..

A

Viruses; Hep A, B, C, and D

Drugs/poisons, ethanol

30
Q

What are the usual causes of chronic hepatitis?

A

Viruses, ethanol, drugs, metabolic syndrome.

31
Q

Liver function tests help determine the cause of disease. Name the tests that are done.

A

Serum enzyme levels
Serum proteins
Bilirubin levels
Blood clotting tests

32
Q

Alcohol abuse can lead to……

A

Alcoholic Chronic Hepatitis

33
Q

Alcohol is detoxified in the liver, causing a harmful by-product called ……………. which damages ……………….

A

Acetaldehyde

Hepatocytes

34
Q

The disease progression for Alcoholic chronic hepatitis is as follows….,
1.
2.
3.

A

Fatty liver
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic cirrhosis

35
Q

Cirrhosis is the build up of ….. ……

A

Scar tissue

36
Q

Binge drinking can cause ….. …………… In the liver and this usually presents with …….. symptoms.

A

Fat accumulation.

No.

37
Q

Fatty liver is irreversible.

True or false?

A

False, it is reversible

38
Q

Chronic alcohol abuse or continued binge drinking can cause………..

A

Inflammation
Hepatocytes death
Fibrosis (scar tissue)

39
Q

Liver damage in alcoholic hepatitis may or may not be reversible.
True or false?

A

True

40
Q

Clinical features of alcoholic hepatitis include…..

A

Malaise
Anorexia
Upper abdominal discomfort

41
Q

Chronic alcohol abuse can cause ….. …….. alcoholic liver disease (liver failure), which causes ……………. …………

A

End-Stage

Irreversible damage

42
Q

Pathophysiology of alcoholic cirrhosis.
Damage of ……….. leads to impaired function. Proliferation and fibrosis of ………. …….. gives a nodular appearance. This leads to impaired …… …….. in the liver.

A

Hepatocytes
Connective tissue
Blood flow

43
Q

In alcoholic cirrhosis, blood accumulates in the liver and is redirected to collateral vessels.
What is the result of this?

A

Toxic substances bypass the liver.

Do not get filtered

44
Q

Clinical features of alcoholic cirrhosis include……

A 
Nausea, anorexia, malaise.
Dark urine (bilirubin not being broken down)
Pale stools (Absence of bilirubin)
Hypoglycaemia
Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
Oedema (low albumin/proteinuria)
Prolonged blood clotting time (low clotting factor)
45
Q

Complications of acute or chronic liver disease include…..

A 
Jaundice
Portal hypertension 
Ascites
Hepatic encephalopathy 
Renal failure
46
Q

What is jaundice?

Why does it occur?

A

Yellowish pigmentation of the skin and eyes.

Due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinaemia).

47
Q

INTRAHEPATIC jaundice is due to obstruction of ……. …………. and/or damaged ………… in the liver.
Eg. ………. …………

A

Bile canaliculi
Hepatocytes
Alcoholic cirrhosis

48
Q

EXTRAHEPATIC jaundice is due to obstruction of …….. ……..
Eg. ………… or ………..

A

Bile ducts

Gallstones, tumour

49
Q

Decreased blood flow through the liver due to liver damage causes……..

A

Increasing venous blood pressure in hepatic portal vein.
Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
Ascites (oedema in abdominal cavity)

50
Q

When blood flow is limited through the liver due to damage, development of ………… ……….. …………. occurs that bypass the liver.

A

Collateral blood vessels

51
Q

What is ‘Caput medusae’?

A

Dilated superficial veins near umbilicus

52
Q

Portal hypertension can result in ……… ………… …. ………… Which is a …………. ……………….
Treatment includes restoration of …….. …….. and treat source of……………

A

Acute severe GI bleeding
Medical emergency.

Blood volume
Bleeding

53
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space is called ……….

A

Ascites

54
Q

Portal hypertension and reduced albumin production causes……..

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure to be greater than oncotic pressure.
Fluid forced out of the capillaries into the peritoneal cavity.

55
Q

Clinical features of Ascites include……

A

Abdominal distension
Breathing difficulties
Weight gain.

56
Q

Chronic liver disease can lead to liver failure causing ……… ……………

A 
Hepatic encephalopathy
(Altered cerebral function)
57
Q

In liver disease, blood bypasses liver through collateral blood vessels. As a result……….

A

Ammonia is not converted to urea for excretion.
Ammonia accumulates in blood and alters neuronal function.
Results in impaired cerebral function (hepatic encephalopathy)
Can progress to coma and death.

58
Q

Summary of some complications of liver disease.
Increased serum bilirubin = ………………………
Decreased blood flow through the liver = ……………………………….
Decreased production of plasma proteins, especially albumin = ……….……………..
Decreased detoxification of ammonia = ……………………..

A 
Hyperbilirubinaemia.
Portal Hypertension (hepatic portal vein).
Ascites (fluid leaks out of capillaries into the peritoneal cavity due to hyrostatic pressure).
Impaired cerebral function (hepatic encephalopathy).

Bio 3 End Semester (3 decks)

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