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Physiology Alimentary System > Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function > Flashcards

Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function Flashcards

1
Q

What part(s) of the stomach is the mixing of it contents done

A

Antrum

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2
Q

How is chyme moved through the stomach from body to Antrum

A

peristaltic waves

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3
Q

What are two functions of the pyloric sphincter

A

Prevent dumping large amounts of chyme into the duodenum

Generates further mixing with its squeeze effect

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4
Q

What cell type generates the peristaltic rhythm in the stomach

A

Pace maker cells (cajal cells)

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5
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells in the stomach located

A

In the longitudinal smooth muscle layer

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6
Q

What is the slow wave pattern set up by the pace maker cells called

A

The basal electric rhythm (BER)

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7
Q

What ions are responsible for the generation of the BER

A

Sodium leaking in and potassium leaking out

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8
Q

How does the BER conduct through the stomach cells

A

Through gap junctions along the longitudnal muscle layer

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9
Q

Is the basal electric rhythm threshold or subthreshold

A

Sub-threshold

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10
Q

What stimulus is needed to bring the BER above threshold

A

Mechanoreceptors respond to distension of stomach wall Chemoreceptors in the stomach activate in response to food
Gastrin is released

These all trigger the action potential

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11
Q

What determines the strength of peristaltic contraction in the stomach

A

The number of action potential generated from Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the stomach in response to food

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12
Q

What changes the frequency of the BER

A

It doesnt change

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13
Q

What inhibits the peristaltic movements of the stomach

A

Fat/Acid/Amino Acid in the duodenum

Hypertonicity in the the duodenum

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14
Q

What does the PH of the duodenum need to be in order for the digestive enzymes to work

A

7

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15
Q

How is a Ph of 7 achieved in the duodenum

A

through the release of bicarbonate from brunners glands

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16
Q

What hormone regulates the release of bicarbonate

A

Secretin

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17
Q

What histoligical layer are brunners cells found

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

What reflex(s) regulates the release of bicarbonate from brunners glands

A

Vagal (long and ENS (short) reflexes

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19
Q

What causes secretin production to stop

A

When no acid is detected in the duodenum

20
Q

Where does secretin trigger the release of bicarbonate from

A

Pancreas and liver

21
Q

What are the two active portions of the pancreas called

A

The endocrine portion

The exocrine portion

22
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called

A

The islets of langerhaans

23
Q

What do the islets of langerhans produce

A

Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

24
Q

What specific cell type produces insulin in the pancreas

A

B cells

25
Q

What specific cell type produces glucagon in the pancreas

A

A cells

26
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

it regulates the production of insulin and glucagon

27
Q

What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas made up of

A

Aciner cells and lobules

28
Q

What is the function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

It has a digestive function

It produces the enzymes responsible for digestion

29
Q

What do the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete

A

Digestive enzymes

30
Q

What do the duct cells of the pancreas secrete

A

Bicarbonate

31
Q

In what state are the enzymes released from the acinar cells of the pancreas

A

As zymogens

32
Q

How are the zymogens activated after leaving the pancreas

A

Enterokinase converts trypsinogen to trypsin

Trypsin then converts all the other zymogens to active forms

33
Q

Where is enterokinase found

A

Bound to the brush border of duodenal enterocytes

34
Q

Name 6 enzymes types that are released from the acinar cells of the pancreas

A 
Proteases
Nucleases
Elastases
Phospholipases
Lipases
A-amylase
35
Q

What do proteases do

A

cleave peptide bonds

36
Q

What do Nuclease enzymes do

A

Hydrolyse DNA/RNA

37
Q

What do Elastase enzymes do

A

Break down connective tissue

38
Q

What do phopspholipase enymes do

A

Break down phopholipids to fatty acids

39
Q

What do lipase enzymes do

A

break down triglycerides to fatty acids

40
Q

What do a-amylase enzymes do

A

Breaks down starch to maltose and glucose

41
Q

What triggers the release of digestive stuff from the pancreas

A

Acid in the duodenum

CHO/Fat in the duodenum

42
Q

How does Acid in the duodenum trigger the release of bicarbonate

A

Acid triggers the releases of secretin from S cells.

Secretin then triggers bicarbonate release from the pancreas and liver (duct cells)

43
Q

How does CHO/Fat in the duodenum trigger the release of enzymes from the pancreas

A

CHO/Fat in the duodenum triggers the release of CCK.

CCK causes zymogen release from the pancreas

44
Q

Where is CCK released from

A

The duodenal mucosa

45
Q

What effects does CCK have on the digestive tract

A

Enzyme secretion from pancreas
Relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
Bile release via contraction of gall bladder

Physiology Alimentary System (8 decks)

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