GASPAR TEST 1 QUESTIONS Flashcards
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FORENSIC SCIENCE
SCIENCE TO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL THAT ARE ENFORCED BY POLICE IN A CJS
FORENSIC SCIENCE HAS WHICH 4 MAIN FUNCTIONS?
RECOGNITION, IDENTIFICATION, INDIVIDUALIZATION, AND RECONSTRUCTION.
WHAT TYPE OF SCIENTIST DOES EVIDENCE ANALYSIS?
FORENSIC SCIENTIST
NAME THE SEVEN SCIENTIFIC METHODS
QUESTION RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS TEST DATA COLLECTION CONCLUSION COMMUNICATION
UNDER COMMUNICATION A HYPOTHESIS NEEDS TO BE ________ TO BECOME SUITABLE AS ________ __________.
VALIDATED; SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE.
DOES A FORENSIC SCIENTIST NEED A BACHELORS DEGREE IN WHAT TWO FIELDS? IS A MASTERS DEGREE NECESSARY?
YES; NATURAL OR PHYSICAL SCIENCE; NO
NAME THE FIVE TYPES OF TRAINING ON THE JOB.
MANUAL PROCEDURES PRECEDENCE PROFICIENCY SIMULATIONS
WHO IS MATHIEU ORFILA?
FATHER OF TOXICOLOGY
ALPHONSE BERTILLION
ANTHROPOMETRY (P. ID)
FRANCIS GALTON
FINGERPRINTS
LEONE LATTES
TYPE FROM DRY B.S.
ALBERT OSBORN
DOC EXAMINATION
HANS GROSS
PRINCIPLES TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS
EDMOND LOCARD
GROSS PRINCIPLES IN LAB
LOCARD EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE
CONTACT CREATES EXCHANGE
WALTER MCRONE
MICROSCOPY
CALVIN GODDARD
GUN - COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
SIR ALEC JEFFREYS
DNA (MEXICO)
1923?
LAPD LAB
USA LABS #
400
EVIDENCE TECHS WORK..
24/7
WHAT ENSURES RECOGNIZED AND PROPER COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE?
TRAINING
OTHER THAN TRAINING FAMILIARITY IS OBTAINED THROUGH
LECTURES, TOURS, MANUALS
3 REASON FOR CRIME LAB INCREASE:
COURT
INUNDATION
DNA
CRIME LAB’S 5 SERVICES:
PHYSICAL BIOLOGY FIREARMS DOCUMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY
5 OPTIONAL SERVICES:
TOXICOLOGY LATENT POLYGRAPH VOICEPRINT CSI
4 SPECIAL SERVICES:
PSYCHIATRY
ODONTOLOGY
ENGINEERING
COMPUTER
3 FX OF FORENSIC SCIENTIST
ANAYLYSIS
TESTIMONY
HANDLING
WHAT TWO TECHNIQUES MUST FORENSIC EXPERTS BE SKILLED AT?
PHYSICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES
FORENSIC SCIENTIST TRAIN LAW ENFORCEMENT IN WHAT TWO TYPES OF INTEGRITY?
SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL
ASCLD
American Society of Crime Laboratories Directors
What does ASCLD endorses?
p & p
LAB
laboratory accreditation board
what 3 fx does LAB of ASCLD have?
inspection; interviews; reviews
re-inspection every ____years.
5
____ly___reports of proof of proficiency.
yearly
accreditation happens before or after lab addresses and documents corrections
after
all criminalist must be certified. true or false
false
what board and what association gives criminalist certifications.
ABC
IAI
Frye
systolic deception test
Frye test requires?
sufficiently est. to have gained general acceptance
Which standard requires general acceptance?
Frye and Daubert
Which case set guidelines for evidence admissibility?
Frye; Because it came before Daubert
Daubert asserted what?
Frye is not absolute prerequisite
who is the gatekeeper?
judge
expert testimony and scientific evidence ultimately is approved by the
Judge (Daubert)
what number rule is Federal Rules of Evidence?
702
702 allows assistance to judges by a witness on something technical. true or false
true
Daubert Criteria
tested peer review rate of error standards acceptance
GE
reaffirmed judge’s gatekeeping on admitting expert testimony
Kumho held that. . . .
Daubert applies to all expert testimony not just scientific testimony.
6th Amendment says in part. .
speedy
public
confront witness
subpoena witnesses in his favor.
Melendez
allows: affidavits, lab certs, and forensic analyst
LECTURE 2
crime scenes require (4)
eye
probative
integrity
documentation
FRO does what first
medical
what does an indirect route accomplish?
minimize disturbance
FRO MAIN JOB IS ?
save people’s lives
Multiple officers: 3 tasks
detaining;
separate;
statements
secure the scene
safety
maintains integrity is done by ?
multiple officers
Lead detectives do what (5) tasks?
walk entry/exit location of V evidence interests
Primary crime scene survey (2):
where initial crime occurred
house where murder occurred
Secondary crime scene survey (2):
events after crime;
grave
are criminalist always needed?
no
what two incidences require criminalists?
homicide
suspicious activity
Criminalist typically do (6) what?
check-in debrief walkthrough document collect leave (e,s,r,r)
debriefs covers? (4)
focus
aid
collaboration
remain neutral
name five search patterns:
line or strip grid spiral wheel quadrant
RECORDING METHODS: ideally how many should be employed?
three
what two things limit photography?
personnel and money
must crime scene notes be in blue or black ink, uniform layout and concurrent with observation. yes or no?
yes
what (4) considerations are important in Crime Scene Documentation?
birds eye view
measurements
one visual
reconstruction ability.
could a crime scene document be used as DEMONSTRATIVE COURTROOM EVIDENCE? YES OR NO
YES
How many pictures must a crime scene have?
4
name the four types of required pictures.
overview
medium range
close-up
close-up w/ scale
who directs the photographer?
criminalist
what is essential in a crime scene?
evidence markers
name the three angles in photography.
direct reflective (180)
direct (45)
oblique (15)
name the collection protocol for the following evidence: 1- fluid 2-hair 3-physical 4-paint 5-fingerprint 6-impression
1-swab 2-tape 3-entire 4-rep sample 5-dust; develop; tape lift 6-plaster; cast
when is hair/fiber exempt of tape lift?
when there is a clump of hairs/fibers
what two different types of approaches is there for evidence collection?
collect everything
and
narrative approach
representative and inconsistent samples are best handled by. . . .
take numerous samples
could overdeveloping ruin fingerprint value? yes or no
yes
what is heated in developing fingerprints?
super glue
large significance is placed on ?
recognizing evidence
what est. a crime or a link between a crime and the victim or perp?
physical evidence
name the three points of the evidence triangle:
suspect; victim; crime scene.
name the three major categories of evidence?
real
demonstrative
testimonial
name the 4 types of evidence
direct
circumstantial
exculpatory
probative
could tangible evidence be a solid, liquid or gas? yes or no
yes
could tangible evidence be a solid, liquid or gas? yes or no
yes
what is the basis of all physical evidence?
clue: principle
Locard’s exchange principle
name the 6 factors to consider for evidence transfer:
degree or intensity type of material amount activity time dir or indirect transfer
name three possible carriers of trace evidence:
clothing
sweepings
fingernail
name three materials that always necessary in the collection of evidence:
gloves
forceps
sanitized equipment
evidence collection protocol aims to protect what in evidence?
changes, contamination, breakage, evaporation, scratching,
if the evidence is not protected could it “ruin” evidence? yes or no
yes
name the four required pieces of equipment when handling DNA
latex gloves, facemark, lab coat, disposible forceps
name three added protection when handling DNA
overalls, shoe covers, and eye protection
how do you open an evidence container?
using blade NOT ON OG SEAL.
Forensic evidence relies on what two comparisons?
class characteristics & individual characteristics
is evidence inclusion and exclusion equally important? yes or no
yes
how do you ensure that all tests/techniques are working properly?
positive and negative control preliminary tests are performed.
if preliminary tests are not done could there be a false positive and/or negative? yes or no
yes
if preliminary tests are not done could there be a false positive and/or negative? yes or no
yes
what does probative value depend on?
context
highly and poorly probative depend on the story behind the collection (semen suspect vs stranger; husband). true or false
true
which of these two has an extremely high degree of probability individual or class characteristics?
Individual
does object identification involve physical and chemical identification? yes or no
yes
what is the object of identification?
to ID as near to absolute certainty as analytical techniques will permit.
Id requires a number and type of tests to ID a substance to the point of being able to exclude all other substances. true or false?
true
is comparison concerned with common origin? yes or no
yes
what are the two types of specimen does comparison handle?
suspect
standard/reference
A forensic scientist must be prepared to what? After a comparison analysis?
conclusion with respect to its origin
What are select properties
data from the suspect and stnd./reference specimen.
what type of characteristic is when evidence could be associated to a common source with an extremely high degree?
“individual”
could mathematical exactness be imposed on specimens from a common origin? yes or no
no
Give 5 “individual characteristics”
1-ridges (fingerprints) 2-striations (bullets; metal) 3-wear (tire, shoes) 4-handwriting 5-parts fit (like puzzle)
give three class characteristics. . .
1- group association
2- no common origin
3-high diversity of class evidenced
give two examples of “class characteristics”
1- blood type
2- paint chips
PRODUCT RULE
probability:
f of x of an event
PRODUCT RULE
What does a “product rule” allow us to do?
to associate a probability value to evidence samples that are either class or individual in characteristic.
PRODUCT RULE
does this rule provide a probability of an occurrence of an event?
yes (i.e. two substances matching).
PRODUCT RULE
In the formula what do you multiply?
“independent f” of certain characteristics
blood stains associated in OJ case
If, linking objects increase, then so does c______ i_______?
criminal involvement
if physical evidence from crime scene is found to be “different” from the stand/reference collected from the suspect than it could _ex________ or ex______ the suspect(s).
exonerate or exclude
IAFIS
Integrated Automated fingerprint Identification System.
CODIS
CO mbind D NA I index S stem.
NIBIN
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network
SICAR
Shoe Image Capture And Retrieval (>22K)
PDQ
Paint Data Query
questioned documents are heavy in which legal process - civil or criminal?
civil
which legal process is influenced by forensic science? civil or criminal?
criminal
Name 5 basic liberties protected by the Bill of Rights
1-presumption 2-speedy 3-public 4-counsel 5-confront
Name 4 more basic liberties protected by the Bill of Rights
1-testify
2-confront (repeat)
3-privacy
4-impartial
name the 4 pre-trial steps:
1-charges
2-discovery
3-jury
4-subpoena
who opens a criminal case?
prosecution
who follows the prosecution?
defense
rebuttal is done by who? the defense or the prosecutor
prosecution
rejoinder is done by which party?
defense.
what is the last step of a trial?
jury deliberation
which two characteristics are considered part of the two-prong test for evidence admissibility?
relevance
competent
what two prongs fall under “relevant evidence?”
material
probative
material evidence
relate to question
probative
prove or disprove question at hand
What to prongs fall under “competent evidence.”
prejudicial
unreliable
prejudicial
bias to jury
unreliable
is it poisonous
goal of litigation? T.V.
truthful verdict
what barres untrustworthy or untruthful evidence
relevancy
competency
what two types of exams are mandatory for criminalist?
education
competency
could an improper “chain of custody” affect the perception that the wrong personnel were in possession of the evidence? yes or no
yes
does an improper “chain of custody” imply that there were times when the evidence was unaccounted for? yes or no
yes
Aside from personal protective equipment what is mandatory when handling/analyzing evidence?
Protocol
Are internal and external audits performed regularly to labs? yes or no
yes
Are all labs accredited? yes or no
no
blood samples are related to which case law?
Schmerber V California
Name 6 exceptions to the 4th Amendment privileges. . .
1-consent 2-warrant 3-abandoned 4-plain view 5-exigent 6-mistake
Mincey V AZ is about what?
3 reasons that could bypass 4th amendment protections:
1- rendering aid
2-search for perps
3-plain view
CA v Greenwood
garbage
5th amendment
double jeopardy
compelled to self-incriminate
Schmerber v CA
blood
Dionisio v US
voice comparisons
6th Amendment
speedy
public
confront
subpoena power
Melendez v Massachusettss
Expert Witness must be present.
name four names related to help the CJS deal with scientific evidence
Frye
Daubert
GE
Kumho
GENERAL ACCEPTANCE
FRAY AND DAUBERT
DEFINED CRITERIA
DAUBERT
VAGUE
FRYE
FEDERAL STANDARD
FRYE
OLDER
FRYE
YOUNGER
DAUBERT
DIFFICULT TOWARDS NOVEL APPROACHES
FRYE
LESS DIFFICULT TOWARDS NOVEL APPROACHES
DAUBERT
Who is the gatekeeper?
judge
GE case could not prove what
correlation between lung cancer and carcinogenic chemicals.
Kuhmo case was about failure in doing what?
scientific method
repeatability
peer review
Kuhmo and Daubert are related how?
Daubert standard applies to all expert opinions.
