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INTRO TO FORENSIC SCIENCE > GASPAR TEST 1 QUESTIONS > Flashcards

GASPAR TEST 1 QUESTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

FORENSIC SCIENCE

A

SCIENCE TO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL THAT ARE ENFORCED BY POLICE IN A CJS

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2
Q

FORENSIC SCIENCE HAS WHICH 4 MAIN FUNCTIONS?

A

RECOGNITION, IDENTIFICATION, INDIVIDUALIZATION, AND RECONSTRUCTION.

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3
Q

WHAT TYPE OF SCIENTIST DOES EVIDENCE ANALYSIS?

A

FORENSIC SCIENTIST

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4
Q

NAME THE SEVEN SCIENTIFIC METHODS

A 
QUESTION
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
TEST
DATA COLLECTION
CONCLUSION
COMMUNICATION
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5
Q

UNDER COMMUNICATION A HYPOTHESIS NEEDS TO BE ________ TO BECOME SUITABLE AS ________ __________.

A

VALIDATED; SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE.

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6
Q

DOES A FORENSIC SCIENTIST NEED A BACHELORS DEGREE IN WHAT TWO FIELDS? IS A MASTERS DEGREE NECESSARY?

A

YES; NATURAL OR PHYSICAL SCIENCE; NO

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7
Q

NAME THE FIVE TYPES OF TRAINING ON THE JOB.

A 
MANUAL
PROCEDURES
PRECEDENCE
PROFICIENCY
SIMULATIONS
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8
Q

WHO IS MATHIEU ORFILA?

A

FATHER OF TOXICOLOGY

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9
Q

ALPHONSE BERTILLION

A

ANTHROPOMETRY (P. ID)

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10
Q

FRANCIS GALTON

A

FINGERPRINTS

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11
Q

LEONE LATTES

A

TYPE FROM DRY B.S.

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12
Q

ALBERT OSBORN

A

DOC EXAMINATION

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13
Q

HANS GROSS

A

PRINCIPLES TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

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14
Q

EDMOND LOCARD

A

GROSS PRINCIPLES IN LAB

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15
Q

LOCARD EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE

A

CONTACT CREATES EXCHANGE

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16
Q

WALTER MCRONE

A

MICROSCOPY

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17
Q

CALVIN GODDARD

A

GUN - COMPARISON MICROSCOPE

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18
Q

SIR ALEC JEFFREYS

A

DNA (MEXICO)

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19
Q

1923?

A

LAPD LAB

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20
Q

USA LABS #

A

400

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21
Q

EVIDENCE TECHS WORK..

A

24/7

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22
Q

WHAT ENSURES RECOGNIZED AND PROPER COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE?

A

TRAINING

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23
Q

OTHER THAN TRAINING FAMILIARITY IS OBTAINED THROUGH

A

LECTURES, TOURS, MANUALS

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24
Q

3 REASON FOR CRIME LAB INCREASE:

A

COURT
INUNDATION
DNA

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25
Q

CRIME LAB’S 5 SERVICES:

A 
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGY
FIREARMS
DOCUMENTS
PHOTOGRAPHY
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26
Q

5 OPTIONAL SERVICES:

A 
TOXICOLOGY
LATENT
POLYGRAPH
VOICEPRINT
CSI
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27
Q

4 SPECIAL SERVICES:

A

PSYCHIATRY
ODONTOLOGY
ENGINEERING
COMPUTER

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28
Q

3 FX OF FORENSIC SCIENTIST

A

ANAYLYSIS
TESTIMONY
HANDLING

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29
Q

WHAT TWO TECHNIQUES MUST FORENSIC EXPERTS BE SKILLED AT?

A

PHYSICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES

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30
Q

FORENSIC SCIENTIST TRAIN LAW ENFORCEMENT IN WHAT TWO TYPES OF INTEGRITY?

A

SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL

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31
Q

ASCLD

A

American Society of Crime Laboratories Directors

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32
Q

What does ASCLD endorses?

A

p & p

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33
Q

LAB

A

laboratory accreditation board

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34
Q

what 3 fx does LAB of ASCLD have?

A

inspection; interviews; reviews

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35
Q

re-inspection every ____years.

A

5

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36
Q

____ly___reports of proof of proficiency.

A

yearly

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37
Q

accreditation happens before or after lab addresses and documents corrections

A

after

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38
Q

all criminalist must be certified. true or false

A

false

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39
Q

what board and what association gives criminalist certifications.

A

ABC

IAI

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40
Q

Frye

A

systolic deception test

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41
Q

Frye test requires?

A

sufficiently est. to have gained general acceptance

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42
Q

Which standard requires general acceptance?

A

Frye and Daubert

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43
Q

Which case set guidelines for evidence admissibility?

A

Frye; Because it came before Daubert

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44
Q

Daubert asserted what?

A

Frye is not absolute prerequisite

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45
Q

who is the gatekeeper?

A

judge

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46
Q

expert testimony and scientific evidence ultimately is approved by the

A

Judge (Daubert)

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47
Q

what number rule is Federal Rules of Evidence?

A

702

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48
Q

702 allows assistance to judges by a witness on something technical. true or false

A

true

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49
Q

Daubert Criteria

A 
tested
peer review
rate of error
standards
acceptance
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50
Q

GE

A

reaffirmed judge’s gatekeeping on admitting expert testimony

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51
Q

Kumho held that. . . .

A

Daubert applies to all expert testimony not just scientific testimony.

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52
Q

6th Amendment says in part. .

A

speedy
public
confront witness
subpoena witnesses in his favor.

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53
Q

Melendez

A

allows: affidavits, lab certs, and forensic analyst

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54
Q

LECTURE 2

crime scenes require (4)

A

eye
probative
integrity
documentation

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55
Q

FRO does what first

A

medical

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56
Q

what does an indirect route accomplish?

A

minimize disturbance

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57
Q

FRO MAIN JOB IS ?

A

save people’s lives

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58
Q

Multiple officers: 3 tasks

A

detaining;
separate;
statements

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59
Q

secure the scene
safety
maintains integrity is done by ?

A

multiple officers

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60
Q

Lead detectives do what (5) tasks?

A 
walk
entry/exit
location of V
evidence
interests
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61
Q

Primary crime scene survey (2):

A

where initial crime occurred

house where murder occurred

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62
Q

Secondary crime scene survey (2):

A

events after crime;

grave

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63
Q

are criminalist always needed?

A

no

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64
Q

what two incidences require criminalists?

A

homicide

suspicious activity

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65
Q

Criminalist typically do (6) what?

A 
check-in
debrief
walkthrough
document
collect
leave (e,s,r,r)
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66
Q

debriefs covers? (4)

A

focus
aid
collaboration
remain neutral

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67
Q

name five search patterns:

A 
line or strip
grid
spiral
wheel
quadrant
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68
Q

RECORDING METHODS: ideally how many should be employed?

A

three

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69
Q

what two things limit photography?

A

personnel and money

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70
Q

must crime scene notes be in blue or black ink, uniform layout and concurrent with observation. yes or no?

A

yes

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71
Q

what (4) considerations are important in Crime Scene Documentation?

A

birds eye view
measurements
one visual
reconstruction ability.

72
Q

could a crime scene document be used as DEMONSTRATIVE COURTROOM EVIDENCE? YES OR NO

A

YES

73
Q

How many pictures must a crime scene have?

A

4

74
Q

name the four types of required pictures.

A

overview
medium range
close-up
close-up w/ scale

75
Q

who directs the photographer?

A

criminalist

76
Q

what is essential in a crime scene?

A

evidence markers

77
Q

name the three angles in photography.

A

direct reflective (180)
direct (45)
oblique (15)

78
Q 
name the collection protocol for the following evidence:
1- fluid
2-hair
3-physical
4-paint
5-fingerprint
6-impression
A 
1-swab
2-tape
3-entire
4-rep sample
5-dust; develop; tape lift
6-plaster; cast
79
Q

when is hair/fiber exempt of tape lift?

A

when there is a clump of hairs/fibers

80
Q

what two different types of approaches is there for evidence collection?

A

collect everything
and
narrative approach

81
Q

representative and inconsistent samples are best handled by. . . .

A

take numerous samples

82
Q

could overdeveloping ruin fingerprint value? yes or no

A

yes

83
Q

what is heated in developing fingerprints?

A

super glue

84
Q

large significance is placed on ?

A

recognizing evidence

85
Q

what est. a crime or a link between a crime and the victim or perp?

A

physical evidence

86
Q

name the three points of the evidence triangle:

A

suspect; victim; crime scene.

87
Q

name the three major categories of evidence?

A

real
demonstrative
testimonial

88
Q

name the 4 types of evidence

A

direct
circumstantial
exculpatory
probative

89
Q

could tangible evidence be a solid, liquid or gas? yes or no

A

yes

90
Q

could tangible evidence be a solid, liquid or gas? yes or no

A

yes

91
Q

what is the basis of all physical evidence?

clue: principle

A

Locard’s exchange principle

92
Q

name the 6 factors to consider for evidence transfer:

A 
degree or intensity
type of material
amount
activity
time 
dir or indirect transfer
93
Q

name three possible carriers of trace evidence:

A

clothing
sweepings
fingernail

94
Q

name three materials that always necessary in the collection of evidence:

A

gloves
forceps
sanitized equipment

95
Q

evidence collection protocol aims to protect what in evidence?

A

changes, contamination, breakage, evaporation, scratching,

96
Q

if the evidence is not protected could it “ruin” evidence? yes or no

A

yes

97
Q

name the four required pieces of equipment when handling DNA

A

latex gloves, facemark, lab coat, disposible forceps

98
Q

name three added protection when handling DNA

A

overalls, shoe covers, and eye protection

99
Q

how do you open an evidence container?

A

using blade NOT ON OG SEAL.

100
Q

Forensic evidence relies on what two comparisons?

A 
class characteristics &
individual characteristics
101
Q

is evidence inclusion and exclusion equally important? yes or no

A

yes

102
Q

how do you ensure that all tests/techniques are working properly?

A

positive and negative control preliminary tests are performed.

103
Q

if preliminary tests are not done could there be a false positive and/or negative? yes or no

A

yes

104
Q

if preliminary tests are not done could there be a false positive and/or negative? yes or no

A

yes

105
Q

what does probative value depend on?

A

context

106
Q

highly and poorly probative depend on the story behind the collection (semen suspect vs stranger; husband). true or false

A

true

107
Q 
which of these two has an extremely high degree of probability
individual or class characteristics?
A

Individual

108
Q

does object identification involve physical and chemical identification? yes or no

A

yes

109
Q

what is the object of identification?

A

to ID as near to absolute certainty as analytical techniques will permit.

110
Q

Id requires a number and type of tests to ID a substance to the point of being able to exclude all other substances. true or false?

A

true

111
Q

is comparison concerned with common origin? yes or no

A

yes

112
Q

what are the two types of specimen does comparison handle?

A

suspect

standard/reference

113
Q

A forensic scientist must be prepared to what? After a comparison analysis?

A

conclusion with respect to its origin

114
Q

What are select properties

A

data from the suspect and stnd./reference specimen.

115
Q

what type of characteristic is when evidence could be associated to a common source with an extremely high degree?

A

“individual”

116
Q

could mathematical exactness be imposed on specimens from a common origin? yes or no

A

no

117
Q

Give 5 “individual characteristics”

A 
1-ridges (fingerprints)
2-striations (bullets; metal)
3-wear (tire, shoes)
4-handwriting
5-parts fit (like puzzle)
118
Q

give three class characteristics. . .

A

1- group association
2- no common origin
3-high diversity of class evidenced

119
Q

give two examples of “class characteristics”

A

1- blood type

2- paint chips

120
Q

PRODUCT RULE

probability:

A

f of x of an event

121
Q

PRODUCT RULE

What does a “product rule” allow us to do?

A

to associate a probability value to evidence samples that are either class or individual in characteristic.

122
Q

PRODUCT RULE

does this rule provide a probability of an occurrence of an event?

A

yes (i.e. two substances matching).

123
Q

PRODUCT RULE

In the formula what do you multiply?

A

“independent f” of certain characteristics

blood stains associated in OJ case

124
Q

If, linking objects increase, then so does c______ i_______?

A

criminal involvement

125
Q

if physical evidence from crime scene is found to be “different” from the stand/reference collected from the suspect than it could _ex________ or ex______ the suspect(s).

A

exonerate or exclude

126
Q

IAFIS

A

Integrated Automated fingerprint Identification System.

127
Q

CODIS

A

CO mbind D NA I index S stem.

128
Q

NIBIN

A

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network

129
Q

SICAR

A

Shoe Image Capture And Retrieval (>22K)

130
Q

PDQ

A

Paint Data Query

131
Q

questioned documents are heavy in which legal process - civil or criminal?

A

civil

132
Q

which legal process is influenced by forensic science? civil or criminal?

A

criminal

133
Q

Name 5 basic liberties protected by the Bill of Rights

A 
1-presumption
2-speedy
3-public
4-counsel
5-confront
134
Q

Name 4 more basic liberties protected by the Bill of Rights

A

1-testify
2-confront (repeat)
3-privacy
4-impartial

135
Q

name the 4 pre-trial steps:

A

1-charges
2-discovery
3-jury
4-subpoena

136
Q

who opens a criminal case?

A

prosecution

137
Q

who follows the prosecution?

A

defense

138
Q

rebuttal is done by who? the defense or the prosecutor

A

prosecution

139
Q

rejoinder is done by which party?

A

defense.

140
Q

what is the last step of a trial?

A

jury deliberation

141
Q

which two characteristics are considered part of the two-prong test for evidence admissibility?

A

relevance

competent

142
Q

what two prongs fall under “relevant evidence?”

A

material

probative

143
Q

material evidence

A

relate to question

144
Q

probative

A

prove or disprove question at hand

145
Q

What to prongs fall under “competent evidence.”

A

prejudicial

unreliable

146
Q

prejudicial

A

bias to jury

147
Q

unreliable

A

is it poisonous

148
Q

goal of litigation? T.V.

A

truthful verdict

149
Q

what barres untrustworthy or untruthful evidence

A

relevancy

competency

150
Q

what two types of exams are mandatory for criminalist?

A

education

competency

151
Q

could an improper “chain of custody” affect the perception that the wrong personnel were in possession of the evidence? yes or no

A

yes

152
Q

does an improper “chain of custody” imply that there were times when the evidence was unaccounted for? yes or no

A

yes

153
Q

Aside from personal protective equipment what is mandatory when handling/analyzing evidence?

A

Protocol

154
Q

Are internal and external audits performed regularly to labs? yes or no

A

yes

155
Q

Are all labs accredited? yes or no

A

no

156
Q

blood samples are related to which case law?

A

Schmerber V California

157
Q

Name 6 exceptions to the 4th Amendment privileges. . .

A 
1-consent
2-warrant
3-abandoned
4-plain view
5-exigent
6-mistake
158
Q

Mincey V AZ is about what?

A

3 reasons that could bypass 4th amendment protections:
1- rendering aid
2-search for perps
3-plain view

159
Q

CA v Greenwood

A

garbage

160
Q

5th amendment

A

double jeopardy

compelled to self-incriminate

161
Q

Schmerber v CA

A

blood

162
Q

Dionisio v US

A

voice comparisons

163
Q

6th Amendment

A

speedy
public
confront
subpoena power

164
Q

Melendez v Massachusettss

A

Expert Witness must be present.

165
Q

name four names related to help the CJS deal with scientific evidence

A

Frye
Daubert
GE
Kumho

166
Q

GENERAL ACCEPTANCE

A

FRAY AND DAUBERT

167
Q

DEFINED CRITERIA

A

DAUBERT

168
Q

VAGUE

A

FRYE

169
Q

FEDERAL STANDARD

A

FRYE

170
Q

OLDER

A

FRYE

171
Q

YOUNGER

A

DAUBERT

172
Q

DIFFICULT TOWARDS NOVEL APPROACHES

A

FRYE

173
Q

LESS DIFFICULT TOWARDS NOVEL APPROACHES

A

DAUBERT

174
Q

Who is the gatekeeper?

A

judge

175
Q

GE case could not prove what

A

correlation between lung cancer and carcinogenic chemicals.

176
Q

Kuhmo case was about failure in doing what?

A

scientific method
repeatability
peer review

177
Q

Kuhmo and Daubert are related how?

A

Daubert standard applies to all expert opinions.

INTRO TO FORENSIC SCIENCE (1 decks)

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