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Toxicology > Gases and Oils > Flashcards

Gases and Oils Flashcards

1
Q

Does CO have a greater or lesser affinity for Hb than O2?

A

240x greater

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2
Q

What two organs are most sensitive to oxygen depletion?

A

Brain and myocardium

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3
Q

How are CO and CO2 different as far as the type of combustion that produces them?

A

CO - incomplete combustion of fuels

CO2 - complete combustion of fuels

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4
Q

How does the toxicity of CO differ from CO2?

A

CO - highly toxic
- Binds Hb, making carboxyhemoglobin –> Hb cannot carry O2 –> tissue anoxia –> affects brain, myocardium, etc.

CO2 - much less toxic

  • It reduces the amount of breathable O2
  • It results in decreased CO2 removal from the blood in the alveoli
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5
Q

What tissues/organs does ammonia gas target in animals?

A

MM, esp. in the eyes and respiratory system (lungs, nasal passages, trachea)

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6
Q

How does the toxicity of anhydrous ammonia differ from that of ammonia generated from manure in confinement situations?

A

Ammonia

  • Conjunctivitis (poultry) and tearing
  • Nasal discharge
  • Coughing, shallow breathing
  • Increased tracheitis and bronchopneumonia

Anhydrous ammonia

  • Severe necrosis of skin and conjunctiva
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Severe inflammation
  • Death
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7
Q

What does hydrogen sulfide smell like?

A

Rotten eggs

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8
Q

What is the target organ for hydrogen sulfide?

A

MM of eyes and respiratory tract

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9
Q

Why doesn’t removal of an animal to fresh air reverse the toxic effects of an animal overcome with hydrogen sulfide intoxication?

A

Paralyzes there respiratory center at high enough concentrations; they will need full respiratory gear with oxygen to give artificial respiration until the hydrogen sulfide decreases

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10
Q

Why don’t animals and/or people try to escape from high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide gas, as they would with low concentration?

A

It paralyzes their olfactory tract, so they do not realize they are inhaling high concentrations (they cannot smell it)

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11
Q

How does excess sulfate/sulfur in cattle diets cause polioencephalomalacia?

A

Hydrogen sulfide gas is produced in the rumen when sulfate and sulfur are found in the water and/or feed

  • some plants can have significant amounts of sulfur
  • distiller’s grain can be high in sulfates
  • may come from high sulfur molasses
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12
Q

What is the target organ for intoxication by smoke inhalation?

A

Lungs

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13
Q

What typically kills animals in house fires?

A

CO and smoke inhalation

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14
Q

What gas is generated and liberated from silage that is high in nitrates?

A

Nitrogen dioxide gas

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15
Q

What is the characteristic smell of nitrogen dioxide gas?

A

Bleach

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16
Q

Why are birds more susceptible to the toxic effects of Teflon fumes than mammals?

A

Birds are very efficient at gas exchange

17
Q

What is the source of oil related ingestion by cattle?

A

Oil pools and waste around oil well on farms

18
Q

What is the source of oil related to direct pulmonary damage?

A

Intubation of mineral oil into the lungs (instead of GI tract, as it was intended by the animal)

19
Q

What is the source of oil related to wildlife exposure?

A

Dermal exposure –> dermatitis –> loss of insulation/thermoregulation

20
Q

What oil causes aspiration pneumonia?

A

Volatile (light) oils

21
Q

Ingestion of which oils can cause diarrhea

A

Crude oil high in gasoline, naphtha, and/or kerosene

22
Q

How do you diagnose oil ingestion?

A
  • History
  • Oil on the muzzle
  • Oil in the feces
  • Necropsy
    • Oil in the lungs
    • Oil in the rumen or GI tract
    • Analysis for petroleum hydrocarbons
23
Q

What is the treatment for oil ingestion?

A
  • Remove oil from the GI tract (rumenotomy, activated charcoal/vegetable oil to increase viscosity)
  • Supportive care
  • Wash of skin (if dermal)
24
Q

What is a common source of exposure of Teflon?

A

Nonstick pans heated on a high temperature

25
Q

what is a common exposure of CO?

A

incomplete combustion of fuels (space heaters or furnaces not working right)

26
Q

what is a source of CO2?

A

complete combustion of fuels (decomposition of manure)

27
Q

what is a source of ammonia?

A

decomposition of animal wastes, ammonia gas as a fertilizer

28
Q

what is a common source of hydrogen sulfide?

A

natural gas deposits, coal, oil, volcanic gases, sulfur springs/lakes

29
Q

what is a source of nitrogen dioxide?

A

rapid decomposition of nitrate containing plant materials (from silos)

30
Q

what is a source of methane gas?

A

flatulence

31
Q

What is the MOA for smoke?

A

burns from superheated particles

32
Q

what is the MOA of CO?

A

binds Hb to form carboxyhemoglobin –> unable to carry O2 –> tissue anoxia

33
Q

what is the MOA of CO2?

A
  • high CO2 in air reduces the amount of O2

- decreased removal of CO2 from the blood –> respiratory acidosis –> compensatory tachypnea

34
Q

what is the MOA of NH3?

A
  • respiratory irritant that is highly water soluble, which allows it to easily come into contact with MM, causing irritation
  • when it reacts with tissue water, it forms a strong irritating and potentially necrotizing alkaline solution (NH4OH) –> the reaction producing this is exothermic and capable of causing thermal injury in addition to irritation and necrosis
35
Q

what is the MOA of NO2?

A

forms nitric acid with water in the lungs and MM –> irritation and tissue damage

36
Q

what is the MOA of mathane?

A

displaces oxygen in air, combustible

37
Q

what clinical signs are expected with Teflon gas?

A

death due to respiratory failure, acute pulmonary distress with dyspnea, ataxia, and depression –> hemorrhagic pulmonary necrosis

Toxicology (4 decks)

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