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Respiratory > Gas Transport in the Blood > Flashcards

Gas Transport in the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to O2 in the respiratory system?

A

O2 is picked up by blood at the lungs and must be transported in the blood to the tissues for cellular use.

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2
Q

What happens to CO2 in the respiratory system?

A

CO2 is produced at tissues and must be transported in the blood to the lungs for removal from the body

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3
Q

What happens to PaO2 in the body?

A

It decreases from the passage from the atmosphere to the tissues.

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4
Q

What is Henrys law?

A

The amount of a given gas dissolve in a given type and volume of liquid at a constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium.

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5
Q

What does henrys law mean?

A

If the partial pressure in the gas phase is increased the concentration of the gas in the liquid phase would increase proportionally

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6
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas in solution?

A

The partial pressure in the gas mixture with which the solution is in equlibrium

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7
Q

How much does O2 consumption increase during strenuous exercise?

A

It may increase up to 25 fold during strenuous exercise

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8
Q

What transports O2 in the blood?

A

Haemolglobin

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9
Q

What two forms is O2 present in the blood?

A
  1. Bound to haemoglobin

2. Physically disosolved

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10
Q

How many haem groups are present in a haemoglobin molecule?

A

4

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11
Q

When is haemoglobin considered fully saturated?

A

When all of the haemoglobin molecules in the blood are carrying their maximum O2 load.

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12
Q

What is a primary factor in determining the percentage saturation of Hb with O2?

A

The partial pressure of O2

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13
Q

What are the two chains called in the haemoglobin molecule?

A

Alpha chain and Beta chain

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14
Q

At what kPa value is haemoglobin fully saturated?

A

13.3 kPa

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15
Q

What is the oxygen delivery index?

A

A function of oxygen content of arterial blood and cardiac output.

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16
Q

What is the oxygen content for arterial blood determined by?

A

The haemoglobin concentration and the saturation of Hb with O2.

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17
Q

What is the equation for the oxygen delivery index?

A

Oxygen delivery index = oxygen content of arterial blood x Cardiac index

18
Q

What is the equation for the oxygen content of arterial blood?

A

Oxygen content of arterial blood = 1.34 x [Hb] x SaO2

19
Q

Name three factors that can impair oxygen delivery to the tissues?

A

Respiratory disease
Heart failure
Anaemia

20
Q

What is the equation for the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air?

A

Partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air = partial pressure of O2 in inspired air - (Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood / 0.8)

21
Q

What is the oxygen content of arterial blood? 🩸

A

Arterial oxygen content is the sum of oxygen bound to haemoglobin and oxygen carried in physical solution in the blood.

22
Q

How is oxygen delivery to the tissues impaired by respiratory disease?

A

This decreases arterial PO2 and hence decreases the hb saturation with O2 and the O2 content of the blood.

23
Q

How is oxygen delivery to the tissues impaired by anaemia?

A

This decreases haemoglobin concentration and hence decreases oxygen content of the blood.

24
Q

How is oxygen delivery to the tissues impaired by heart failure?

A

This decreases cardiac output.

25
Q

What happens when one molecule of oxygen is bound to the haemoglobin molecule?

A

This increases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygenthe by other subunits.

26
Q

What do the flat upper portions of the sigmoid curve o harmoglobin saturation?

A

A moderate fall in alveolar partial oxygen pressure will not much affect oxygen loading because the affinity is already high due to co-operativity.

27
Q

What do the steep lower portions of the sigmoid curve o harmoglobin saturation?

A

The peripheral tissues get a lot of oxygen for a small drop in capillary partial oxygen pressure because the affinity is lower due to co-operativity

28
Q

What is the name of the effect that shifts the curve to the right?

A

Bohr effect

29
Q

How does foetal haemoglobin differ from adult haemoglobin?

A

Foetal haemoglobin has two alpha subunits and two gamma subunits. Adult haemoglobin has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits.

30
Q

How does the affinity for oxygen compare between foetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin?

A

The affinity of foetal is haemoglobin higher than adult haemoglobin meaning the sigmoidal curve shifts left. This would allow oxygen to transfer from mother to foetus even if partial oxygen pressure is low.

31
Q

Where is myoglobin present?

A

In skeletal and cardiac muscles.

32
Q

How many ham groups are present on a myoglobin molecule?

A

One

33
Q

What is the purpose of myoglobin?

A

To provide short-term storage oxygen of for anaerobic conditions. It’s presence indicates muscle damage.

34
Q

What are the means of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

A

10% is in solution. 60% is as bicarbonate. 30% is as carbamino compounds (mainly CO2 with amino groups)

35
Q

How much more soluble is carbon dioxide than oxygen?

A

20 times

36
Q

What enzyme forms bicarbonate in the blood?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

37
Q

How are carbamino compounds formed?

A

Combination of carbon dioxide with terminal aminein blood proteins. Especially to globin inhaemoglobin to give carbamino-haemoglobin. This is rapid, even without an enzyme.

38
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A

Removing oxygen from haemoglobin increases the ability of haemoglobin to pick up carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide generated H+

39
Q

What does the Boher effect facilitate?

A

Oxygen liberation.

40
Q

What does the haldane effect facilitate?

A

Uptake of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide generated H+

41
Q

What does the pick up of oxygen by haemoglobin do to its ability to bind carbon dioxide and H+

A

It weakens its ability

Respiratory (16 decks)

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