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Respiratory > Gas laws, histology, URT anatomy > Flashcards

Gas laws, histology, URT anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

A

Extra volume that can be breathed in over that at rest

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2
Q

What term is used to define the volume breathed in and out with each breath during quiet respiration?

A

Tidal volume

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3
Q

What term is used to describe the extra volume that can be breathed in over that at rest?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume.

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4
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume.

A

Extra volume that can be breathed out over that at rest.

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5
Q

What term is used to describe extra volume that can be breathed out over that at rest?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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6
Q

What is partial pressure of a gas proportional to?

A

The partial pressure of gas is proportional to the percentage volume of that gas in the mixture.

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7
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to volume provided temperature and the amount of gas remains constant in a closed system.

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8
Q

Explain how Boyle’s law is applied to pressure and volume in the lungs during breathing.

A
  • during inspiration, volume of lungs increases
  • pressure decreases to that below atmospheric pressure
  • air flows into lungs
    And vice versa during expiration
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9
Q

What is Charles’ law?

A

Pressure is directly proportional to temperature.

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10
Q

Explain Charles law.

A

Increase in temperature –> increase in kinetic energy of molecules –> pressure increases

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11
Q

What do water molecules entering a gas phase exert?

A

Saturated vapour pressure

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12
Q

What is saturated vapour pressure?

A

The partial pressure exerted by water molecules entering a gas phase.

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13
Q

Where in the Body is inhaled air saturated with water vapour?

A

In the nose

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14
Q

Solubility X tension =?

A

Amount of dissolved gas

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15
Q

What two components make up the total amount of gas in a liquid?

A

Reacted gas and dissolved gas

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16
Q

How does oxygen chemically react in plasma?

A

It doesn’t.

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17
Q

What is the solubility coefficient of oxygen in plasma?

A

0.01 mmol/l kPa

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18
Q

Does pulmonary circulation have high or low resistance?

A

Low resistance

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19
Q

Which airway take part in gas exchange?

A

Airways distal to the terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

Define the upper respiratory tract.

A

Part of the respiratory tract which is above the lower border of the cricoid cartilage and comprises of nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx.

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21
Q

What is the extent of the nasal cavity?

A

Extends from nostrils to posterior nares

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22
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

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23
Q

Give the two main functions of conchae in the nose.

A
  1. Present large surface area for warming and humidification.
  2. Turbulence slows down air flow, increasing time available for warming and humidification.
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24
Q

What are the three main effects on air going through the nasal cavity?

A

Warmed, humidified and filtered.

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25
Q

Explain three structural attributes of the nasal cavity and their beneficial functions to inhaled air.

A
  1. Vascular mucosa - helps warm air
  2. Watery nasal secretions - help warm and humidify air
  3. Mucous and cilia - trap and transport particles
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26
Q

Name the four paranasal sinuses.

A

Ethmoid, maxillary, frontal and sphenoid

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27
Q

Which paranasal sinus does not open into the middle meatus?

A

Sphenoid sinus

28
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus open into?

A

Superior meatus

29
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx? Define their anatomical positions.

A

Nasopharynx - above level of soft palate
oropharynx - between soft palate and tip of epiglottis
laryngopharynx - between tip of epiglottis and lower border of cricoid cartilage

30
Q

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

A

Allows air pressure in the middle ear cavity to be equalised to atmospheric pressure

31
Q

What does the Eustachian tube connect?

A

Nasal cavity to middle ear cavity

32
Q

What forms the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx?

A

Three unpaired cartilages - epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
Paired arytenoid cartilage

33
Q

During what motions are the vocal cords open?

A

Respiration, latter part of cough reflex

34
Q

During what motions are the vocal cords closed?

A

Swallowing, initial part of cough reflex, partially closed during speech

35
Q

What is the term for the aperture between the two vocal cords?

A

Rima glottides

36
Q

Which lie more medially - the false or true vocal cords?

A

True vocal cords

37
Q

Which muscles move the vocal cords?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

38
Q

Which nerve supplies all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles apart from the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

39
Q

Why can a hoarse voice be indicative of an intrathoracic problem?

A

Damage to left recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause paralysis of the vocal cords which causes a hoarse voice

40
Q

Describe the course of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Curves around subclavian artery

41
Q

Describe the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Curves around aortic arch before coursing back up

42
Q

Which eight anatomical structures make up the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

43
Q

What three anatomical structures make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

44
Q

At which point in the respiratory tract do you no longer find goblet cells?

A

Beginning of bronchioles

45
Q

Where in the respiratory tract does epithelium change from Pseudostratified to simple columnar?

A

Beginning of bronchioles

46
Q

What portion of the respiratory tract does not contain Clara cells?

A

Nasal cavity to secondary bronchi

47
Q

What part of the respiratory tract has squamous epithelium?

A

Alveoli

48
Q

Is cilia found throughout the respiratory tract?

A

Yes, however distally from the respiratory bronchioles it becomes sparse.

49
Q

Why is the right bronchus more vertical than the left?

A

As the heart lies on the left side, makes the bronchus more horizontal.

50
Q

What is a structural difference between trachea and primary bronchi?

A

In primary bronchi, cartilage rings and smooth muscle encircle the whole lumen unlike trachea

51
Q

How does the cartilage change from primary to secondary bronchi?

A

Rather than rings, it forms crescent plates or islands

52
Q

Why are goblet cells not found distal to bronchioles?

A

To prevent an individual ‘drowning’ in their own mucus

53
Q

What helps to keep the bronchioles lumen open?

A

Surrounding alveoli

54
Q

What is located in the posterior superior region of each nasal fossa?

A

Olfactory regions - thick epithelium with no goblet cells and with olfactory cells

55
Q

Describe an olfactory cell.

A

Bipolar neurons with one dendrite that extends to the surface to form a swelling from which non motile cilia extend to increase surface area and respond to odours.

56
Q

What is the purpose of serous glands in the olfactory region? What are the serous glands called?

A

Bowmans glands - flush odorants from epithelial surface

57
Q

What is the epithelium on vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous

58
Q

What are the two components of a vocal cord?

A

Vocal ligament and vocalis muscle

59
Q

What is the function of the substance secreted from Clara cells?

A

Prevent walls sticking together during respiration - surfactant lipoprotein.

60
Q

What is the protein secreted by Clara cells?

A

CC16 - Clara cell protein

61
Q

What is indicated by high levels of CC16 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or serum?

A

Lavage - lung damage

Serum - leakage across air/blood barrier

62
Q

Which pneumocyte is most abundant in alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocyte (squamous)

63
Q

What is the purpose of the type 1 pneumocyte?

A

Permits gas exchange

64
Q

What is the purpose of type 2 pneumocyte?

A

Secretes surfactant

65
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

Volume breathed in and out with each breath during quiet respiration.

Respiratory (3 decks)

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